WHAT IS LIFE

1
WHAT IS LIFE? I. Characteristics II. Scales of
Biological Organization III. The Living Planet
A. The Earth System
2
A. The Earth System
INPUTS
BOUNDARY
OUTPUTS
MATTER
ENERGY
ENERGY
First and second laws????
3

• WHAT PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH MIGHT WE USE TO
  FIGURE OUT HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS???

4
...reductionism... define, describe, and
understand the subsystems
INPUTS
BOUNDARY
OUTPUTS
MATTER
ATMOSPHERE
ENERGY
ENERGY
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
First and second laws????
5
A. The Earth System 1. Lithosphere crust -
dynamic mobile tectonic plates vulcanism upper
mantle
6
A. The Earth System 1. Lithosphere
Why and how is the lithosphere important to life?

7
A. The Earth System 1. Lithosphere

• Why and how is the lithosphere important to life?
  
• Source of inorganic nutrients (P, K, Na, Ca)
• 2) Movements of plates explain the distribution
  of life forms.

Marsupials evolved in the southern hemisphere and
radiated across the supercontinent before
separation of the land masses.
8
A. The Earth System 2. Atmosphere 78
Nitrogen Gas (N2) 21 Oxygen Gas (O2) 1
traces of Noble Gases Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) Hydrogen Gas (H2) Methane
(CH4) water vapor (H2O)

9
A. The Earth System 2. Atmosphere How is this
important to life?

10
A. The Earth System 2. Atmosphere How is this
important to life? 1) Source of inorganic
nutrients (N, O2)

11
A. The Earth System 3. Hydrosphere - 98 liquid
water
- Ocean 97 (1.35 billion km3) 3.5
dissolved salts by volume - Freshwater 3 (48
million km3) Ice 2/3 (33 million
km3) Groundwater 1/3 (15.3 km3) Soil trace
(122,000 km3) Rivers/Lakes trace (40,000
km3) Air trace (13,000 km3)
12
A. The Earth System 3. Hydrosphere - 98 liquid
water How is this important to life?
13
A. The Earth System 3. Hydrosphere - 98 liquid
water How is this important to life? 1) It is the
environment of life reactions between soluble
compounds occur readily in liquid water and more
in a moment.
14

• WHAT OTHER PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH COULD WE USE TO
  DETERMINE WHETHER THE EARTH SYSTEM IS "TYPICAL"?

15
III. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth,
Venus, and Mars
16
Atmospheric Composition
Venus and Mars are fairly similar. But where
did all Earth's CO2 go? And where did all the
O2 come from????
17
III. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth,
Venus, and Mars 1. Liquid water has changed our
planet - takes CO2 out of atmosphere
(dissolution) - erodes lithosphere the two
things put carbon and mineral nutrients into
solution, where they can react with one another,
and be taken up by....
18
Carbon-Based Life Forms!!
19
III. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth,
Venus, and Mars 2. LIFE CHANGES OUR PLANET -
increases rates of flux between other
subsystems (evapotranspiration, nutrient
uptake, respiration) - Changes the composition
of subsystems - Life transports CO2 from the
atmosphere to living tissues or its products
(Calcium Carbonate shells), which settle in
sedimentary strata of carbonaceous rocks
(limestone and derivatives) and fossil deposits
(oil, gas).
20

White cliffs of Dover
Coccolith - a phytoplankton
21

22
III. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth,
Venus, and Mars 2. LIFE CHANGES OUR PLANET -
increases rates of flux between other
subsystems (evapotranspiration, nutrient
uptake, respiration) - Changes the composition
of subsystems - Life transports CO2 from the
atmosphere to living tissue or its products
(shells), which settles in sedimentary strata of
carbonaceous rocks (limestone and derivatives)
and fossil deposits (oil, gas). -
Photosynthesis releases O2. That is where ALL of
the Earth's oxygen gas has come from.
23
A. The Earth System 3. Interactions (fluxes)
Evaporation
ATMOSPHERE
Volcanic gases, Particulates
Precipitation
Sedimentation
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
Erosion
24
A. The Earth System 3. Interactions (fluxes)
Evaporation
ATMOSPHERE
Volcanic gases, Particulates
Precipitation
BIOSPHERE
Sedimentation
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
Erosion
25
WHAT IS LIFE? I. Characteristics II. Scales of
Biological Organization III. The Living Planet
A. The Earth System B. Conclusions - The
current conditions on the Earth that support
human life and culture are produced by the
dynamic interplay of the earth subsystems - the
BIOSPHERE IS CRITICAL HERE. - Change the
subsystems and alter the dynamics. - Will
future conditions support human life.....?
26

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter
27

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements
28

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements are different forms of matter which
have different chemical and physical properties,
and can not be broken down further by chemical
reactions.
29

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements are different forms of matter which have
different chemical and physical properties, and
can not be broken down further by chemical
reactions.     2. The smallest unit of an
element that retains the properties of that
element is an
30

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements are different forms of matter which have
different chemical and physical properties, and
can not be broken down further by chemical
reactions.     2. The smallest unit of an
element that retains the properties of that
element is an ATOM.
31

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms
32

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
33

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element
34

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element Neutron in nucleus mass 1,
charge 0
35

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element Neutron in nucleus mass 1,
charge 0 Electron orbits nucleus mass 0,
charge -1
36

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element Neutron in nucleus mass 1,
charge 0 Electron orbits nucleus mass 0,
charge -1 Orbit at quantum distances
(shells) Shells 1, 2, and 3 have 1, 4, and 4
orbits (2 electrons each) Shells hold 2, 8, 8
electrons distance related to energy
37

Neon (Bohr model)
38

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass
39

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons
8
O
15.99
40

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge
41

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)...
42

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...
43

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...ION
44

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...ION
45

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...ION 4. Space Orbitals of
carbon atom are 10,000 x the width of the carbon
nucleus....
46

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes -
47

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier
48

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are
not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron
49

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are
not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron These
'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation)
50

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are
not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron These
'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation) This
process is not affected by environmental
conditions and is constant so if we know the
amount of parent and daughter isotope, and we
know the decay rate, we can calculate the time it
has taken for this much daughter isotope to be
produced.
51

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Gamma decay -   neutron
emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron
number, mass, or element.            
52

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Gamma decay -   neutron
emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron
number, mass, or element.             Alpha
decay - loss of an alpha particle  (2 protons and
2 neutrons) from the nucleus.  This changes the
mass and element. (Uranium with 92 protons
decays to Thorium with 90 protons)         
53

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Gamma decay -   neutron
emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron
number, mass, or element.             Alpha
decay - loss of an alpha particle  (2 protons and
2 neutrons) from the nucleus.  This changes the
mass and element. (Uranium with 92 protons
decays to Thorium with 90 protons)            
Beta decay - a neutron changes to a proton, and
an electron is emitted. This changes only the
element (determined by the number of protons.),
but not the mass. (C14 decays, neutron changes
to proton, and N14 is produced)
54

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?)
55

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms
56

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109)
57

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year.
58

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 1014 by 3.65 x 102
days per year 0.62 x 1012 /day
59

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 1014 by 3.65 x 102
days per year 0.62 x 1012 /day - Divide 6.2 x
1011 by 246060 8.64 x 104)
                  
60

- K40-Ar40  suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 1014 by 3.65 x 102
days per year 0.62 x 1012 /day - Divide 6.2 x
1011 by 246060 8.64 x 104)
                   0.7 x 107 7 x 106 7
million atoms changing from Potassium to Argon
every second!!!                  This radiation
is detectible and measureable...and when it has
been measured over the last 100 years, it is
always the same.  So, not only is there
theoretical justification for expecting a
constant decay rate, tests have confirmed this
expectation. It is unaffected by any known
physical change in the environment... freeze it,
heat it, pressurize it... no change in the rate
of decay.
61

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules
62

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules     1. atoms chemically react with one
another and form molecules - the atoms are
"bound" to one another by chemical bonds -
interactions among electrons or charged
particles.
63

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules     1. atoms chemically react with one
another and form molecules - the atoms are
"bound" to one another by chemical bonds -
interactions among electrons or charged
particles.     2. Bonds form because atoms
attain a more stable energy state if their
outermost shell is full. It can do this by
loosing, gaining, or sharing electrons.  This is
often called the 'octet rule' because the 2nd and
3rd shells can contain 8 electrons.
64

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds
65

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared
66

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond
67

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron
and attraction between ions
Na
Cl
68

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron
and attraction between ions D. Hydrogen Bonds -
69

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron
and attraction between ions D. Hydrogen Bonds
- weak attraction between partially charged
hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative
region of another molecule
70

D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between
partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule
and a negative region of another molecule
71

D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between
partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule
and a negative region of another molecule
72

D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between
partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule
and a negative region of another molecule