Academic English Drop In Workshops

1
Academic English Drop In Workshops

• Materials sourced from Liz Craven and Jonny Wells
  (ELSSA 2009)

2
ELSSA Centre

• What do we do?
• Provide workshops in Faculties throughout
  semester
• Provide one-to-one appointments
• Where are we?
• Level 18, Building 1
• ? www.elssa.uts.edu.au
• ?Phone [phone]
• ?Email elssa.centre_at_uts.edu.au
• ? MaryAnn McDonald MaryAnn.McDonald_at_uts.edu.au

3
Academic English Drop In Workshops

• Week 2
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Referencing Harvard System
• How to Paraphrase effectively

4
Resources available

• Faculty of Business 2006, Guide to Writing
  Assignments, Faculty of Business, UTS.
• (http//www.business.uts.edu.au/resources/guide.p
  df)

5
Groups discuss

• Why do we reference?
• What is plagiarism?
• What do we reference?
• How do we reference?

6
Why reference?

• Recognises that all scholarship depends on work
  of others. Respects the intellectual property of
  authors.
• Allows your efforts to be recognised. Shows you
  have done effective research. Shows academic
  professionalism.
• Provides Footprints for others to follow.
• Helps you become familiar with current theories
  in your field of study.
• Avoids accusations of plagiarism!

7
What is plagiarism?

• Plagiarism may be deliberate (fraud)
• or accidental.
• Accidental plagiarism includes
• Quoting without acknowledgement
• Paraphrasing without acknowledgement
• Summarising without acknowledgement
• Acknowledging at the beginning of the paragraph
  only

8
What to reference?

• ALL information and ideas that are not your own
  or are not common knowledge. This includes
• quotations
• paraphrases
• summaries
• What is common knowledge?

9
Which of these are plagiarism?

• Downloading work from the internet.
• Buying or borrowing others work.
• Copying from books or articles submitting it as
  your own.
• Copying, cutting pasting from original sources.
• Using someone elses words as your own.
• Not referencing key ideas or theories from
  others.
• Re-submitting your old work as new.

10
Have you done this before ....?

• Use of non-standard or mix of referencing systems
• Faulty incorporation in sentence
• Inappropriate use of citation verbs
• Reference not provided with paraphrases
• Quotation incorrect
• Page numbers not provided
• Some works omitted from reference list
• Incorrect referencing of electronic sources
• Reference list not organised alphabetically by
  author surname

11
Why does it happen?

• Poor time management issues
• Overwhelmed by the task/assignment
• Poorly informed
• Over stressed and save time
• everyone else is doing it

12
How common is it?

• In a sample of 1,800 students at nine U.S state
  universities
• 70 of the students admitted to regularly
  cheating in exams
• 84 admitted to regularly cheating on written
  assignments
• 52 had copied work from a website w/o citing the
  source and claimed it was their own work.
• Kerkvliet, J., Sigmund, C. L. (1999). Can we
  control cheating in the classroom?
• Journal of Economic Education, 30(4), 331-351.

13
Which is not plagiarism?

• Not providing a reference when youve used
  someones idea.
• Copying a few sentences from an article on the
  internet.
• Not giving a reference when youve used common
  knowledge.
• Giving the reference, but not using quotation
  marks when you take a sentence from another
  writers article.
• Taking a paragraph from another students essay
  without acknowledging it.
• Presenting the results of your own research.

14
Answers

• Which is not considered plagiarism?
• Not providing a reference when youve used
  someones idea.
• Copying a few sentences from an article on the
  internet.
• Not giving a reference when youve used common
  knowledge.
• Giving the reference, but not using quotation
  marks when you take a sentence from another
  writers article.
• Taking a paragraph from another students essay
  without acknowledging it.
• Presenting the results of your own research.

15
What is ...

• Quoting
• Paraphrasing
• Summarising

16
What is quoting?

• Dabschecks model of industrial relations draws
  attention to the range of interactions possible.
• Interactions take place in what will be
  described as orbits of interaction. A myriad of
  different orbits can be distinguished their
  membership, composition and type is only limited
  by the imagination and ingenuity of interactors
  to find each other. (Dabscheck 1996, p. 12)
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce School of
  Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour
  Essay and Assignment Guide)
• Please note
• If the quotation is less than approx. 40 words,
  it should appear within the text. If it is 40
  words or longer, it should be freestanding,
  indented, single spaced and without quotation
  marks.

17
What is paraphrasing?

• Dabscheck (1996, p.12) has developed a model of
  industrial relations where he describes various
  interactions occurring within orbits of
  interaction. In this model, he argues that an
  infinite number of orbits exist within the
  system and can be identified by the nature of the
  variety of interactors that constitute each
  orbit.
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce School of
  Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour
  Essay and Assignment Guide)

18
Original and paraphrase

• Interactions take place in what will be
  described as orbits of interaction. A myriad of
  different orbits can be distinguished their
  membership, composition and type is only limited
  by the imagination and ingenuity of interactors
  to find each other.
• Dabscheck (1996, p.12)
• Dabscheck (1996, p.12) has developed a model of
  industrial relations where he describes various
  interactions occurring within orbits of
  interaction. In this model, he argues that an
  infinite number of orbits exist within the
  system and can be identified by the nature of the
  variety of interactors that constitute each
  orbit.

19
What is summarising?

• Dabscheck (1996, p.12) has developed a model of
  industrial relations based on an infinite number
  of orbits of interaction each involving
  interactions characteristic of that orbit.
• (original)
• Interactions take place in what will be
  described as orbits of interaction. A myriad of
  different orbits can be distinguished their
  membership, composition and type is only limited
  by the imagination and ingenuity of interactors
  to find each other.
• Dabscheck (1996, p.12)

20
Why is this plagiarising?

• In this essay I will argue that interactions
  take place in what will be described as orbits of
  interaction. A myriad of different orbits can be
  distinguished their membership, composition and
  type is only limited by the imagination and
  ingenuity of interactors to find each other
  (Dabscheck 1996, p.12)
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce and
  Economics School of Industrial Relations and
  Organisational Behaviour Essay and Assignment
  Guide)

21
Why is this plagiarising?

• In this essay I will argue that interactions
  take place in what will be described as orbits of
  interaction. A myriad of different orbits can be
  distinguished their membership, composition and
  type is only limited by the imagination and
  ingenuity of interactors to find each other
  (Dabscheck 1996, p.12)
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce and
  Economics School of Industrial Relations and
  Organisational Behaviour Essay and Assignment
  Guide)
• Because its a direct quote with no quotation
  marks. Adding a citation does not avoid
  plagiarism!

22
Why is this plagiarising?

• Industrial relations can be explained using the
  model of an orbit made up of a myriad of
  interactors.
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce and
  Economics School of Industrial Relations and
  Organisational Behaviour Essay and Assignment
  Guide)

23
Why is this plagiarising?

• Industrial relations can be explained using the
  model of an orbit made up of a myriad of
  interactors.
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce and
  Economics School of Industrial Relations and
  Organisational Behaviour Essay and Assignment
  Guide)
• Because it does not acknowledge that Dabscheck
  developed orbit theory.

24
Why is this plagiarising?

• Interactions happen in orbits of interaction. A
  lot of different orbits can be identified their
  membership, composition and type is only
  restrained by the dream and artifice or
  interactors to come across from one another
  (Dabscheck 1996, p.12).
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce School of
  Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour
  Essay and Assignment Guide)

25
Why is this plagiarising?

• Interactions happen in orbits of interaction. A
  lot of different orbits can be identified their
  membership, composition and type is only
  restrained by the dream and artifice or
  interactors to come across from one another
  (Dabscheck 1996, p.12).
• (Example from UNSW Faculty of Commerce School of
  Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour
  Essay and Assignment Guide)
• Because changing the words around or using a
  thesaurus to find synonyms to make the sentence
  superficially different is not acceptable. It is
  still not your work.
• (original)
• Interactions take place in what will be
  described as orbits of interaction. A myriad of
  different orbits can be distinguished their
  membership, composition and type is only limited
  by the imagination and ingenuity of interactors
  to find each other.
• Dabscheck (1996, p.12)

26
To quote, summarise or paraphrase?

• Mostly summarise or paraphrase (your own words)
• Only quote when
• the wording of the original is especially precise
  and cannot be improved
• you wish to quote an accepted authority to
  support your line of argument
• you want to avoid misrepresentation of source
  material
• Always introduce the quote and link it to your
  writing.

27
How do I paraphrase?

• It can be difficult to find new words for an idea
  that is already well expressed.
• When you are note-taking, do not copy the passage
  word for word unless you want to quote it.
• To paraphrase, make a note only of the author's
  basic point and key words. Use bullet points.
• Translate the language into your own words.
• Include the page number so that you can reference
  later.
• When it comes time to write the paper, rely on
  your notes rather than on the author's work.

28
Paraphrasing Strategy

• Paraphrasing task read this original text

• Students are often tempted to copy directly from
  the internet or books. This is a particularly
  serious offence which is called plagiarism, but
  more commonly known to students as cheating. If
  students are caught doing this, they risk serious
  punishment which often results in failing their
  chosen course or module of study. This can be
  expensive as university and college courses often
  cost thousands of dollars. Moreover, students
  usually think that teachers or lecturers will not
  know that they have copied, yet they are unaware
  that in most cases, teachers can identify 90 of
  copied or plagiarised writing.

29
Paraphrasing Strategy

• Paraphrasing task read this original text
• Now summarise it-using bullet points key words
  only. Do not use full sentences!

• Students are often tempted to copy directly from
  the internet or books. This is a particularly
  serious offence which is called plagiarism, but
  more commonly known to students as cheating. If
  students are caught doing this, they risk serious
  punishment which often results in failing their
  chosen course or module of study. This can be
  expensive as university and college courses often
  cost thousands of dollars. Moreover, students
  usually think that teachers or lecturers will not
  know that they have copied, yet they are unaware
  that in most cases, teachers can identify 90 of
  copied or plagiarised writing.

• Summary 1
• Summary 2
• Summary 3
• Summary 4
• Summary 5
• Summary 6
• Summary 7

30
Paraphrasing strategy
Your rewritten text here This is my paraphrased
writing from the original text. This is my
paraphrased writing from the original text. This
is my paraphrased writing from the original text.
This is my paraphrased writing from the original
text. This is my paraphrased writing from the
original text.

• Summary 1
• Summary 2
• Summary 3
• Summary 4
• Summary 5
• Summary 6
• Summary 7

Cover your original and do not look at
it!
31
Paraphrasing strategy

• Remember to add the reference for
• where you saw this information to your
• text.

Your rewritten text here This is my paraphrased
writing from the original text. This is my
paraphrased writing from the original text. This
is my paraphrased writing from the original text.
This is my paraphrased writing from the original
text. This is my paraphrased writing from the
original text.
32
Lets try it ...

• Look at the text.
• Summarise in bullet points and key words.
  Anything you want to directly quote include
  quotation marks
• Cover the original
• Re-write in your own words
• Check back to see that
• The meaning is accurate
• You have used your own words

33

• Why women live longer
• Despite the overall increase in life expectancy
  in Australia over the past century, women still
  live significantly longer than men. In fact, in
  1900 men could expect to live to 49 and women to
  52, a difference of three years, while now the
  figures are 74 and 79 respectively which shows
  that the age gap has increased to five years.
• Various reasons have been suggested for this
  situation, such as the possibility that men may
  die earlier because they generally take more
  risks and involve themselves in riskier
  behaviours. However, a team of British scientists
  have recently found another more likely answer,
  that of differences in the immune system, which
  protects the body from disease. The thymus is the
  organ which produces T cells which actually
  combat illnesses. Although both sexes suffer from
  deterioration of the thymus as they age, women
  appear to have more T cells in their bodies than
  men of the same age. It is this, scientists
  believe, that gives women better protection from
  potentially fatal diseases such as influenza and
  pneumonia.

34
How to reference

• The Faculty of Business recommends the Harvard
  system (Do not mix referencing styles.)
• Harvard referencing requires you to have 2 parts
  in your written work
• 1. In text citations/references
• which show author surname date of pub when
  referring to an authors GENERAL IDEAS
• which show author surname date of pub page
  number when referring to an authors SPECIFIC
  IDEA found on a particular page or directly
  quoting the AUTHORS WORDS.
• 2. A list of references at the back (showing
  full bibliographic details)

35
In-text references

• Referring author - referencing style
• examples
• Kelly draws attention to three principal factors
  which determine the success of fund-raising
  (1998, p.394).
• According to Kelly (1998, p.394), there are
• Effective fund-raising has been said to require
  organizational commitment, practitioner
  expertise and continual attention (Kelly 1998,
  p.394).
• Whats the difference?

36
In-text two or three authors

• McGrath and Viney compare taxation advantages of
  superannuation funds with those of shares (1997,
  p. 137).
• Or
• Significant changes in the relative taxation
  advantages of superannuation funds and shares are
  reported to have occurred (McGrath Viney 1997,
  p.137).

37
In-text four or more authors

• Cite the first name only, and replace the
  remaining names by the phrase et al., meaning
  and others.
• For example, if referring to the book
• Management, by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and
  Coulter, cite as
• Robbins et al. 2000
• But in your reference list, cite all four
  authors.

38
In-text two publications -same author, same year

• Add letters to the year, and separate years by a
  semicolon.
• Canagarajah (1999a 1999b)

39
In-text several authors

• Place in alphabetical order, and separate by
  semicolons.
• Resource development implications have been
  explored by a number of researchers (Cameron
  1996 Kelly 1998 Murphy 2000 Tuck Chang
  1990).

40
In-text no author

• You should not use the terms anonymous or anon.
  Instead, give the title of the work.
• Surviving at University 2005
• If a newspaper or magazine article, give the
  name of publication, exact date and page number.
• The Bulletin, 20 July 2005, p. 17

41
In-text no date

• Use n.d. to denote no date.
• Smith (n.d.) argued that

42
In-text Secondary citation

• If you are reading, for example, a book by
  Jones, which refers to another writer, Rogers
  and you wish to cite Rogers), refer to both
  writers as follows
• Jones (2004, p. 62) cites Rogers 1999 study to
  support.
• Or
• Rogers 1999 study (cited in Jones 2004, p. 62)
  found that.
• This referencing structure shows that you have
  not read Rogers in its original form, but that
  you met that authors ideas through reading
  Jones. Similarly, in the References section at
  the end of your work, list only the text which
  you did read, that is, Jones.

43
How to use references

• Use references and quotes to SUPPORT your
  arguments!
• Use them sparingly
• Do not overuse them they are to SUPPORT / not
  provide your arguments

44
Using your sources to support your argument (your
voice)

• (1) The inequity in the distribution of wealth
  in Australia is yet another indicator of
  Australias lack of egalitarianism. (2) In 1995,
  20 of the Australian population owned 72.2 of
  Australias wealth with the top 50 owning 92.1
  (Raskall 1998 p.287). (3) Such a significant skew
  in the distribution of wealth indicates that, at
  least in terms of economics, there is an
  established class system in Australia. (4)
  McGregor (1988) argues that Australian society
  can be categorised into three levels the Upper,
  Middle and Working classes. (5) In addition, it
  has been shown that most Australians continue to
  remain in the class into which they were born
  (McGregor 1988, p.156) despite arguments about
  the ease of social mobility in Australian society
  (Fitzpatrick 1994). (6) The issue of class and
  its inherent inequity, however, is further
  compounded by factors such as race and gender
  within and across these class divisions.(7) The
  relative disadvantage of women with regard to
  their earnings and levels of asset ownership
  indicates that within classes there is further
  economic inequity based on gender
• (From The University of Wollongong 2000
  Expressing your voice in academic writing, viewed
  16 April 2007, Unilearn, University of
  Wollongong, http//unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic
  /4bi.html).

45
Citation verbs - the extent to which you agree
with the author

• Showing you agree with the author
• acknowledge, admit, add, confirm, demonstrate,
  emphasise, formulate, indicate, point out, prove,
  report, reveal, show, validate, verify
• Leaving you room for disagreement with the author
• analyse, argue, believe, comment, deal with,
  define, discuss, examine, find, illustrate,
  imply, insist, list, mention, note, observe,
  postulate, present, propose, reject, remark, say,
  state, study, suggest, survey, write.
• Suggesting you may not agree the author
• allege, assert, claim, deny, maintain

46
The reference list

• Organised alphabetically by authors surname or
  organisation name
• NO numbers or bullet points
• All sources listed together (print, electronic
  and other)

47
Whats wrong here?

• Clegg, S., Managing organization futures in a
  changing world of power/knowledge, in H. Tsoukas
  C. Knud (eds), The Oxford handbook of
  organization theory, Oxford, Oxford University
  Press, pp. 536-567, 2003.
• Community action and the environment 2003, video
  recording, Video Education Australasia, Bendigo,
  Victoria.
• Irvine, J. 2005, Commodity boom is over Access,
  Sydney Morning Herald, 27 July, p. 19.
• Darcy, S.A. 2004, Disabling journeys the social
  relations of tourism for people with impairments
  in Australia - an analysis of government tourism
  authorities and accommodation sector practice and
  discourses, PhD thesis, University of
  Technology, Sydney.
• Department of Primary Industries and Energy 1997,
  National sustainable energy statement, DPIE,
  Canberra.
• A.J. Kim, 2002, Community building on the web,
  Safari Tech Books, Boston, Mass.,
  http//proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0201874849.
• PM 2005, radio program, ABC Radio 702AM, Sydney,
  4 August.

48
More information

• www.bell.uts.edu.au/referencing/harvard
• http//www.plagiarism.org
• http//www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/plag.html

49
MaryAnn.McDonald_at_uts.edu.auwww.elssa.uts.edu.a
uMaterials sourced from Liz Craven and Jonny
Wells
thank you