APA Guidelines for Referencing fifth edition

1
APA Guidelines for Referencing (fifth edition)
2
Your Assignment

• Your assignment should meet the following minimum
  requirements
• 1. typed on white 8 ½ x 11 paper
• 2. double spaced
• 3. one inch (1) margins at the top, bottom, and
  both sides of every page
• 4. Title page that includes
• a. assignment title
• b. student name
• c. institution
• d. name of course and number (optional)
• e. instructor name (optional)
• f. date of submission (optional)

3
How Do I Know When to Cite?

• If the idea didnt come directly from your own
  mind, it has to be cited!!

4
Reference Citations in Text

• A Citation gives credit for other peoples ideas
  and words that are used in an essay or research
  paper.
• Purpose
• It gives the source of a direct quotation.
• It gives the credit for another persons ideas,
  even if expressed in your own words.
• It gives the source of diagrams, tables and
  figures.
• It shows that your work is thorough and accurate.

5
What do I need to include in my citation?

• 1. Authors name
• 2. Year
• 3. Page number
• NOTE Although the page numbers are only required
  when directly quoting a source, authors are
  encouraged to provide them, especially when it
  would help an interested reader locate the
  information or relevant information in a long or
  complex text. Page numbers are not required when
  paraphrasing.

6
The TWO ways of Citing Information

• Stating authors name in text, and
• Stating the authors name in parentheses at the
  end of your citation
• Examples
• Rogers (1994) compared reaction times
• In a recent study of reaction times(Rogers,
  1994, p.476)

7
Quotations (less than 40 words)

• Incorporate short quotations (fewer than 40
  words) in the text, enclosed with double
  quotation marks.
• Example
• Gladstone and Johnson (1995) argued that
  a certain amount of aggressive behavior is
  natural to young children as part of their
  experience in growing up (p. 36).
• OR
• A certain amount of aggressive behavior is
  natural to young children as part of their
  experience in growing up (Gladstone Johnson,
  1995, p.36).

8
Quotations (more than 40 words)

• Display a quotation of 40 words or more in a
  free standing block and omit the quotation marks.
  Start the block quotation on a new line and
  indent it five spaces from the left margin (as if
  it were a new paragraph). Subsequent lines should
  be flush with the first line (indented five
  spaces), and the entire quote must be double
  spaced.

9
Example

• Gladstone and Johnson (1995) found the
  following
• It should be remembered, too, that a certain
  amount of
• aggressive behavior is natural to young
  children as part of their experience in growing
  up. For one thing, the aggressive skills are
  more easily acquired than are the
• mental and social skills which take longer and
  more effort to develop. (p. 36)
• What is another way that this could have been
  cited?

10
The other way

• Your own text would start here.
• It should be remembered, too, that a certain
  amount of aggressive behavior is natural to young
  children as part of their experience in growing
  up. For one thing, the aggressive skills are more
  easily acquired than are the mental and social
  skills which take longer and more effort to
  develop. (Gladstone and Johnson, 1995, p. 36)
• Your own text would continue here and would go on
  
• remember that your quotation is still double
  spaced!

11
Can you tell me why the A in the following
quotation is in square brackets?

• A certain amount of aggressive behavior is
  natural to young children as part of their
  experience in growing up (Gladstone Johnson,
  1995, p.36).

12
Square Brackets

• Square brackets are used when adding your own
  words to a direct quote.
• Examples
• A certain amount of aggressive behavior is
  natural to young children as part of their
  experience in growing up (Gladstone Johnson,
  1995, p.36).
• Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect,
  which had been verified in previous studies,
  disappeared when only the first groups
  behaviors were studied in this manner. (p.276).
• Can you tell me why placebo effect is in single
  quotations in the last example?

13
Single Quotations

• Use single quotation marks within double
  quotation marks to set off material that in the
  original source was enclosed in double quotation
  marks.
• Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect,
  which had been verified in previous studies,
  disappeared when only the first groups
  behaviors were studied in this manner. (p.276).

14
Ellipsis

• Use ellipsis () within a sentence to indicate
  that you have omitted material from the original
  source.
• Example
• She stated, The placebo effectdisappeared
  when behaviors were studied in this manner
  (Miele, 1993, p.276), but she did not clarify
  which behaviors were studied.

15
Ellipsis contd

• Use four points (.) to indicate any omission
  between sentences. The first point indicates the
  period at the end of the first sentence quoted,
  and the three ellipsis points follow.
• Example
• In discussing the historical relation between
  politics and the press, William L. Rivers (1987)
  notes, Presidential control reached its zenith
  under Andrew Jackson.For a time, the United
  States Telegram and the Washington Globe were
  almost equally favored as party organs, and there
  were fifty-seven journalists on the government
  payroll (p.7)

16
Works by Two Authors

• If the authors names are stated within the text
  of your work, join the names with an and. If
  the authors names are not in the text of your
  paper then join them with an ampersand ()
• Example
• As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993)
  demonstrated.
• has been shown (Nightlinger Littlewood. 1993,
  p.324).

17
Works by Three or More Authors

• When a work has three, four or five authors,
  cite all authors the first time the reference
  occurs in subsequent citations, include only the
  surname of the first author followed by et al.
• Example
• (first citation)
• ex. Waterman, Zee, Rosen, Glover, and Rock
  (1994) found
• (subsequent citation)
• ex. Waterman et al. (1994) found
• subsequent citations of the same source in the
  same paragraph do not need the year.
• ex. Waterman et al. found

18
When a Work has Six or More Authors

• Cite only the surname of the first author
  followed by et al. and the year for the first
  and subsequent citations.

19
The Reference List

• A reference list is an alphabetical list of books
  and other sources consulted during the
  preparation and writing of a paper.
• Purpose
• It shows the kind of research done for the paper.
• It shows the sources you have examined so that a
  reader can check your findings.
• It provides the readers with a list of sources to
  refer to.

20
Format of Reference List

• 1. Reference lists are placed on a separate
  page at the end of the paper.
• 2. References are not numbered.
• 3. Entries are listed alphabetically by author
  the title is used if no author is given. When
  authors number seven or more, abbreviate the
  seventh and subsequent authors as et al.
• 4. Start each entry flush with the left margin
  indent subsequent lines one half inch (five
  spaces or one tab) and double space the entire
  entry.
• 5. A reference list must include only those
  references cited in the text all references
  appearing in the text must be included in the
  reference list.

21
Format of reference list contd

• 6. Use only initials for the first and middle
  names even if the full name is given.
• 7. In titles of books and articles, capitalize
  only the first word of the title, the first word
  following a colon or dash, and all proper nouns.
• 8. In titles of periodicals, capitalize all
  significant words.
• 9. Italicize the titles of books and periodicals.
• 10. Only one space after ALL punctuation.

22
Format of Reference List cont

• 11. Publishers Location
• - give the city and state (USA)
• - outside of the USA, give the city, state or
  province, and the country.
• - if the publisher is a university and the name
  of the state is included in the name of the
  University, do not repeat the name of the
  publishers location.
• 7. Date of Publication, then (pp. 225-226)
• - If no date is available, write n.d. in
  parentheses.

23
Online Sources

• Online Periodicals
• Author, A.A., Author, B.B., Author, C.C.
  (2000) Title of article.
• Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved
  month day, year, from source.
• EXAMPLE
• Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating
  positive emotions to optimize health and
  well-being. Prevention Treatment, 3, Article
  0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
  http//journals.apa.org/prevention
• /volume3/pre0030001a.html
• Online Document
• Author, A.A. (2000) Title of work. Retrieved
  month day, year, from source.
• EXAMPLE
• Macfarlane, E. C. (2000). Children and literacy
  development. Retrieved October 11, 2005, from
  http//reading.indiana.edu/ieo/digests/d89.html