Academic Development

1
Session One

• Academic Development
• Autumn 2007
• Session One

www.wiu.edu
2
Sessions this term

• Workshop 1 University of Sussex definition of
  plagiarism and Academic misconduct. Referencing
  using the Harvard and Numeric systems. How to
  write a bibliography. Citation rules.
• Workshop 2 Critical reading to produce
  critical/self-critical writing. What can be
  considered as 'common knowledge'?
• Workshop 3 Structure of a report and other types
  of writing writing style and academic register.
• Workshop 4 Structure of an essay introductions
  and conclusions. Write 2000 word essay.
• Workshop 5 Submit essay. Using referencing to
  good effect synthesising evidence, developing
  cohesion and coherence in academic writing.
• Workshop 6 Peer review of essays - using
  checklist of components needed.
• Workshop 7 Tutor feedback on essays, revision of
  course, QA session.
• Workshop 8 Final Assessment.

3
Review of PAT

• The plagiarism awareness test that you did last
  week was quite difficult.
• Talk to your neighbour about whether each
  paraphrase is acceptable or unacceptable. Give
  your reasons.

4
Review of PAT

• Text One
• The IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
  Change is the worlds leading authority on
  climate change and its impacts. It was set up in
  1988 under the auspices of the United Nations
  Environment Programme and the World
  Meteorological Organisation. Membership of the
  IPCC is open to all members of the United Nations
  and World Meteorological Organisation. (...) The
  IPCC produces periodic assessment reports
  providing an overview of current knowledge about
  climate change and its impacts, as well as
  identifying uncertainties and gaps in knowledge.
  The preparation of these reports involves many
  hundreds of scientists across the world.
• Royal Society Website (undated). Available from
  http//www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id4761gclidC
  NzU4-7HgIkCFTkdMAod3D5KVw accessed 4.10.2007

5
Review of PAT

• Text Two
• It is beyond belief that IPCC accepts that only
  12 proxies are sufficient to reconstruct northern
  hemisphere surface temperatures for the period
  1000 to 1400, and that these should be thought to
  truly represent a pattern of hemispheric
  variability. Not only is each proxy a very
  imprecise measurement of the annual average
  surface temperature for a limited region of the
  globe but 12 proxies are insufficient independent
  records to give a fair representation of the
  northern hemisphere average.
• Kininmonth, W. (2004) Climate Change A Natural
  Hazard, p.129. Hamilton, Ontario, Science
  Publishers.

6
Review of PAT

• Text Three
• The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide,
  methane and ozone. While climate is governed by
  many factors, among the crucial ones is the
  composition of the atmosphere. Without any
  greenhouse gases, our planet would be a chilly
  place, more like Mars, where temperature averages
  are around -23 Celsius ( -9 Fahrenheit), like
  Earths arctic winters. With more greenhouse
  gases, Earth would resemble Venus, where
  temperatures are well above the boiling point.
  For life adapted to Earth, changes in greenhouse
  gases are serious business.
• For the thousand years before 1800, carbon
  dioxide levels in the atmosphere varied around
  270 to 290 parts per million (ppm). Around 1800
  an accelerating buildup began () The earth has
  warmed up recently, although no one knows for
  certain if human actions are the cause.
• McNeill, J.R. (2000) Something New Under the Sun,
  pp 108-109. London, Penguin

7
Review of PAT
Unacceptable despite a source being given, this
students paraphrase resembles the original too
closely

• Paraphrase 1
• A major criticism of the IPCC is that it accepts
  that only twelve proxies are sufficient to
  reconstruct northern hemisphere surface
  temperatures for the period 1000 to 1400.
  Firstly, the proxy is not accurate enough to
  measure the annual average surface temperature,
  and secondly, twelve proxies are too few
  (Kininmonth 2004129).

These are exactly the same phrases as the original
8
Review of PAT
Acceptable student has extracted the important
information and put it in their own words

• Paraphrase 2
• A reputable body dealing with Climate Change is
  the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  (IPCC). It consists of experts from all over the
  world, and is responsible for keeping track of
  developments within the area it flags up both
  new discoveries and areas of uncertainty. The
  IPCC was established by UNEP and the World
  Meteorological Organisation (Royal Society
  Website).

Acceptable source correctly given (there is no
date, so unless you particularly want to draw
attention to that fact, you can omit the date
in-text, and write undated next to the
bibliography entry)
9
Review of PAT

• Paraphrase 3
• It is suggested that the IPCC has no reasonable
  grounds to suggest that 12 proxies are adequate
  to provide an realistic reconstruction of the
  surface temperatures in the Northern hemisphere
  from 1000- 1400.

Unacceptable although this is well paraphrased,
no source is given
10
Review of PAT

• Paraphrase 4
• The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide,
  methane and ozone. Without any greenhouse gases,
  our planet would be a chilly place, more like
  Mars, which has a climate similar to Earths
  arctic winters. If there were more greenhouse
  gases, Earth would resemble Venus, with
  temperatures well above the boiling point
  (McNeill 2000108).

Unacceptable the source is given, but this text
resembles the original too closely
11
Review of PAT
Acceptable correctly referenced. The page number
comes at the end, because the whole paragraph is
a paraphrase of McNeill. NB References should
only be split in this way if the section is
SHORT! Otherwise, you can repeat the authors name

• Paraphrase 5
• McNeill explains that the atmosphere contains
  ozone, carbon dioxide and methane, which are the
  main greenhouse gases. The composition of the
  atmosphere is one of many factors which affect
  our climate too few greenhouse gases and the
  Earths climate would be very cold too many and
  the temperature would rise to above 100 degrees
  Celsius (2000108).

Acceptable the student has used their own words
to express McNeills ideas
12
Review of PAT

• References
• Kininmonth, W. (2004) Climate Change A Natural
  Hazard, p.129. Hamilton, Ontario, Science
  Publishers
• McNeill, J.R. (2000) Something New Under the Sun,
  pp108-109. London, Penguin
• Royal Society Website (undated). Available
  fromhttp//www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id4761gc
  lidCNzU4-7HgIkCFTkdMAod3D5KVw accessed on
  4.10.2007

Page numbers are given in a bibliography when
only a specific part of a book has been used
13
More paraphrases

• Now do the same with these paraphrases. Make sure
  that you can justify your answers.

14
Plagiarism exercise

• Culture
• Quotation 1
• In customary terminology we use the term
  cultural patterns of group life for designating
  all peculiar valuations, institutions and systems
  of orientation and guidance (such as folkways,
  mores, laws, habits, customs, etiquette,
  fashions) which, in the common opinion of
  sociologists of our time, characterise if not
  constitute- any social group at a given moment in
  history (Schutz 1964 92).

v     
15
Plagiarism

• Quotation 2
• Culture is a common set of previously assimilated
  master patterns from which an infinite number of
  individual patterns directly applicable to
  specific situations are generated (Bourdieu 1971
  192).

v     
16
Plagiarism

• Quotation 3
• Cultural elements are elements of patterned order
  which mediate and regulate communication and
  other aspects of the mutuality of orientations in
  interaction processes (Parsons 1951 327).

v     
17
Plagiarism
Acceptable correctly referenced

• Paraphrase One
• Bourdieu (1971192), Parsons (1951327), and
  Schutz (196492), amongst others, express the
  idea that cultural patterns such as laws,
  fashions, and customs which are concerned with
  aspects of group life are passed down from one
  generation to the next. They are however, also
  constantly evolving, thus providing the basis
  for individual patterns which are applicable to
  each new social situation as it occurs. In this
  way society uses existing cultural norms to
  monitor and, to some extent, control the
  evolution of our social groups.

v     
18
Plagiarism

• Paraphrase Two
• Bourdieu asserts that the cultural master
  patterns which make up a society are constantly
  being adapted so that they can be applied to new
  social or group situations as they occur (1971
  192).

v     
Acceptable correctly referenced
19
Plagiarism

• Paraphrase Three
• Cultural elements are elements of patterned order
  which mediate and regulate communication and
  other aspects of the mutuality of orientations in
  interaction processes (Parsons 1951).

v     
Not acceptable no page number given - a page
number is always required with a direct
quotation, which this seems to be
20
Plagiarism

• Paraphrase Four
• The cultural aspects of patterned order mediate
  communication and some other aspects of the
  mutuality of orientations in interaction
  processes (Parsons 1951 327).

v     
Not acceptable only some words have been removed
from the original this is therefore neither a
quotation nor a paraphrase of the key ideas.
21
Plagiarism

• Paraphrase Five
• In customary terminology we use the term
  cultural patterns of group life for various
  aspects such as law, fashions, and habits to
  characterise any social group at a given moment
  in history (Schutz 1964).

v     
Not acceptable only the middle section of the
original text has been removed. The rest has been
mostly copied but is not marked as a quotation.
It would be a good idea to give a page reference
too.
22
Plagiarism

• Paraphrase Six
• Bourdieu (1971) states that culture is a common
  set of master patterns on which an infinite
  number of individual patterns applicable to
  specific situations are based. In addition,
  Parsons (1951) puts forward the idea that these
  cultural elements are elements of patterned order
  which mediate and regulate communication.

v     
23
Example 6 Analysis

• Bourdieu (1971) states that culture is a common
  set of master
• patterns on which an infinite number of
  individual patterns applicable to specific
  situations are based. In addition, Parsons (1951)
  puts forward the idea that these cultural
  elements are elements of patterned order which
  mediate and regulate communication.

Not acceptable Reason The underlined sections
show how much has been taken from the original
texts but is not marked as a quotation.
24
Plagiarism

• Paraphrase Seven
• There are an infinite number of individual
  patterns, based on a common set of previously
  assimilated master patterns, which are directly
  applicable to specific situations generated in
  any society (Bourdieu 1971 192).

v     
25
Example 7 Analysis

• Not acceptable
• There are an infinite number of individual
  patterns, based on a common set of previously
  assimilated master patterns, which are directly
  applicable to specific situations generated in
  any society (Bourdieu 1971 192).
•  

Reason Although the order and structure has
been changed much of the original texts have been
copied word for word
26
Plagiarism
References Bourdieu, P. 1971, Systems of
education and systems of thought. In M.F.D. Young
(ED.) Knowledge and Control, 198-207, London
Collier Macmillan.   Cottrell, S. 2003,The Study
Skills Handbook, London, Palgrave.   Parsons, T.
1951, The Social System, London, Routledge and
Kegan Paul.   Schutz, A. 1964 The Stranger,
Collected Papers, vol. 2 91-105. The Hague,
Martunus Nijhoff
v     
27
Tips on How to Avoid Plagiarism

• Remember that referring to sources is seen as
  positive in academic writing. It shows you have
  read widely.
• When reading, think about what the author is
  saying, and your reactions before taking notes.
• Only copy what you intend to quote. Ensure that
  you take full bibliographic details, including
  page number!
• The rest of your notes should be in your own
  words. This will save time and worry later.
• Also make notes of your own reactions, but keep
  these separate!

28
Quiz

• Why is referencing so important?
• To enable your tutor to verify your references
• To protect yourself from charges of plagiarism
• Both of the above

29
Quiz

• Which of the following is the best definition of
  plagiarism?
• The act or process of deceiving or misleading,
  especially by concealing the truth.
• The use of false representations to gain an
  unjust advantage.
• The act or instance of taking and using the
  thoughts, writings, inventions, etc., of another
  person as one's own.

30
Quizpartly adapted fromhttp//www.sussex.ac.uk/l
ibrary/infosuss/referencing/h_quiz.shtml

• Which of the sources below do you need to cite if
  you use them?
• Book
• Journal article
• Your own thoughts and ideas
• Website

31
Quiz

• Do you still have to cite your source if you
  describe someone else's idea in your own words
  (paraphrase)?
• Yes
• No

32
Quiz

• Where do you find an in-text citation?
• In the reference list or bibliography at the end
  of a paper
• Within the text of a paper
• At the bottom of the page as a footnote

33
Quiz

• When do you write et al after an authors name?
• For in - text referencing, when there are 2
  authors
• For in - text referencing, when there are 3 or
  more authors
• For in - text referencing, when there are 4 or
  more authors

34
Quiz

• You do not write et al in a bibliography. Why
  not?

35
Quiz

• Primary and Secondary Sources
• If you want to cite a work which you have not
  actually read, but which is referred to in
  somebody elses work, do you, in your references
• give the name of the book where you read about
  the work
• give the name of the work you havent read

36
Quiz

• If you are quoting
• When do you use double quotation marks?
• When do you use single quotation marks?
• When do you indent a quotation?

37
Quiz

• If you are referring to a journal article in your
  bibliography, do you underline or italicise
• the name of the article
• the name of the journal?

38
Quiz

• If you are referring to a website which appears
  to have no name or author, but just a long URL,
  do you
• Just give the URL
• Make up an appropriate name
• Make up an author

39
Quiz

• If a website gives the date when it was last
  updated, you do not have to put your date of
  access.
• True
• False

40
Bibliography

• Can you correct this bibliography?
• Cottrell, Stella. (2003),The Study Skills
  Handbook, London, Palgrave.
• Bourdieu, P. 1971, Systems of education and
  systems of thought. In M.F.D. Young (ED.)
  Knowledge and Control, 198-207, London Collier
  Macmillan.
•  
•  
• Parsons, T The Social System, London ,(1951),
  Routledge and Kegan Paul.
•  

41
Bibliography
The entries are not in alphabetical order

• Can you correct this bibliography?
• Cottrell, Stella. (2003),The Study Skills
  Handbook, London, Palgrave.
• Bourdieu, P. 1971, Systems of education and
  systems of thought. In M.F.D. Young (ED.)
  Knowledge and Control, 198-207, London Collier
  Macmillan.
•  
•  
• Parsons, T The Social System, London ,(1951),
  Routledge and Kegan Paul.
•  

The first name should be an initial only S.
The name of the chapter does not need to be
underlined
The date should come after the name
42
University Definitions and Rules

• It is an offence for any student to be guilty
  of, or party to, attempting to commit or
  committing collusion, plagiarism, or any other
  misconduct in an examination or in the
  preparation of work which is submitted for
  assessment.Misconduct in assessment exercises,
  examinations or in the presentation of marks
  achieved elsewhere, is conduct likely to be
  prejudicial to the integrity and fairness of the
  examination process. (http//www.sussex.ac.uk/a
  cademicoffice/1-4-1-2-1.html)

43
What is plagiarism?

• Plagiarism is the use, without acknowledgement,
  of the intellectual work of other people, and the
  act of representing the ideas or discoveries of
  another as one's own in written work submitted
  for assessment. To copy sentences, phrases or
  even striking expressions without acknowledgement
  of the source (either by inadequate citation or
  failure to indicate verbatim quotations), is
  plagiarism to paraphrase without acknowledgement
  is likewise plagiarism. Where such copying or
  paraphrase has occurred the mere mention of the
  source in the bibliography shall not be deemed
  sufficient acknowledgement each such instance
  must be referred specifically to its source.
  Verbatim quotations must be either in inverted
  commas, or indented, and directly acknowledged.
• (http//www.sussex.ac.uk/academicoffice/1-4-1-2-1.
  html)

44
Explanations and Examples

• Plagiarism is using the work of others without
  acknowledging your sources of information or
  inspiration. This includes
• using words more or less exactly as they have
  been used in articles, lectures, television
  programmes, books, or anywhere else.
• using other peoples ideas or theories without
  saying whose ideas they are.
• paraphrasing what you read or hear without
  stating where it comes from.
• Even if you change words or sentences you have
  borrowed or put them in a different order, the
  result is still plagiarism (Cottrell,S.
  2003133).

45
Intentional or Unintentional

• Passing off someone elses work intentionally or
  unintentionally as your own for your own
  benefit.
• (Carroll, J. 2005 cited on http//www.sussex.ac.uk
  /academicoffice/1-4-1-2-1.html)
• intentionally or unintentionally. Just
  because you didn't mean to do it, doesn't mean it
  hasn't happened. You are responsible for the work
  you submit, and when you submit it you are
  claiming it is your work. Mitigating
  circumstances, time pressures or other
  difficulties are not excuses for submitting work
  which is not your own, in the long run you will
  only make matters worse.
• (http//www. http//www.sussex.ac.uk/academicoffic
  e/1-4-1-2-1.html)