Public Safety on College Campus and Surrounding Communities

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Public Safety on College Campus and Surrounding
Communities

• What Colleges and Universities Should Be Doing to
  Advance Campus Safety

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ASJA Conference Presenters

• Lisa A Sprague
• Associate Chief of Police Florida State
  University. President Elect ,International
  Association of Campus Administrators.
• Kelli Smith
• Watch Commander, Patrol Division University of
  Central Florida Police Department

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Objectives

• Become familiar with IACLEA
• Understand the importance of Campus
  
• Security and Police Readiness to
• respond to active shooter situations
• Be aware of basics on risk analysis
• Value Coordination and Cooperation
• Realize the realities of campus crime

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IACLEA

• The International Association of Campus Law
  Enforcement Administrators advances public safety
  for educational institutions by
• providing educational resources,
• advocacy,
• and professional development.
•  

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IACLEA

• IACLEA membership represents over 1,300 colleges
  and universities located in twenty countries.
• In addition to the colleges and universities,
  which are the Institutional Members, individual
  memberships are held by campus law enforcement
  staff members, criminal justice faculty members
  and municipal chiefs of police (current
  membership is over 2,000).

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10 Recommendations for Safer Campuses

• Ensure compliance with Federal, state, and local
  laws and regulations
• Create a culture of prevention and preparedness
• Adopt an environmental management approach to
  prevention
• Resource the campus public safety department
• Provide effective mental health services to
  community members

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10 Recommendations for Safer Campuses

• Require collaboration among student service
  providers on crime prevention programs
• Leverage technology to enhance safety efforts
• Support participation in regional/local consortia
  and professional associations
• Develop a crisis communications strategy
• Encourage support for campus safety initiatives
  from Federal and state governments

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Ensure compliance with Federal, State, Local Laws
and Regulations

• The compliance environment has changed
• Drug Free Schools Communities Act, Clery,
  FERPA, SEVIS (International exchange), HIPAA,
  Patriot Act
• Legislation may not have intended impact, but.
• High profile events raise consciousness
• April 16, 2007 Virginia Tech
• Eastern Michigan University

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Create a culture of prevention and preparedness

• September 11, 2001 drastically altered landscape
• FBI Director says campuses are soft targets
• Hurricanes Katrina Rita loom large
• Tragic events at Virginia Tech is a defining
  moment
• In spite of these, some still think
• It cant happen here!

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Create a culture of prevention and preparedness

• What we should do to
• Prevent, protect against, recover from and
  respond to catastrophic events
• Conduct a comprehensive assessment of potentially
  catastrophic risks it faces
• Make a plan to address those risks
  http//www.iaclea.org
• Form an emergency management team led by a senior
  administrator? Full time emergency manager?
• Regularly participate in emergency preparedness
  exercises
• Ensure you have multiple means to communicate
  with students, faculty, staff, and visitors
  during emergencies

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Create a culture of prevention and preparedness

• Include your campus information technology
  leadership in emergency planning
• Develop formal informal networks among campus
  and off-campus first responders and political and
  health officials
• Develop a process for ongoing inventory of campus
  resources needed during emergencies
• Assess your policies and procedures for dealing
  with persons who may pose a significant risk

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Action by Law Enforcement

• All agencies charged with responding to violent
  events on a university or college campus train
  and exercise their personnel in the Active
  Shooter response.
• That each agency develop and train to a protocol
  which will allow the integration of the medical
  response with the law enforcement response

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Response to Active Shooters

• Detail Critical Incident Response Rapid
  Deployment. In the days before Columbine, patrol
  response was to cordon off the affected area and
  wait for SWAT.  Columbine taught us that law
  enforcement must immediately engage the shooter
  and stop the threat.  We no longer wait for
  SWAT. 

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Incident Command

• To ensure a seamless integration of all
  responders within a clear  chain of command
  during such events, all universities should
  integrate  into the National Incident Management
  System (NIMS) and adhere to the  Incident Command
  System (ICS) within it. 
• "NIMS ICS is the federal government's emergency
  response framework. It  ensures that all
  responding agencies, from the local level up, can
  work  together and communicate in a domestic
  crisis. Whether it is a tornado, a  terrorist
  attack, or an active shooter on campus, NIMS ICS
  is a  standardized, framework for ensuring
  interoperability between responders  so that they
  can deal with anything.

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Incident Command

• "As a part of NIMS ICS, campuses should execute
  memorandums of  understanding (MOU), which are
  cooperative agreements for mutual help,  with
  other agencies from local to federal level. These
  agreements  outline the roles and
  responsibilities of each responding agency in an
  emergency. 
• "For instance, some campuses are patrolled by
  contract security  officers, while others are
  protected by sworn/ non-sworn police officers or
  both.
• At some campuses, police officers carry guns at
  others, they  don't. Some campuses are
  philosophically opposed to having an armed
  police  presence.
• Fact Only 20 universities have SWAT teams

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Best Practice Programs

• Florida State University
• Special Situation Resolution Team In the event
  a student is identified as worthy of special
  attention, campus authorities (Police, Deans,
  Directors, etc.) meet, discuss, and execute plans
  to effectively deal with these persons. This may
  include suspensions, counseling, etc. 

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Florida State University Police Department

• FSU PD is one of the most highly trained agencies
  when it comes to response in major events.  All
  of our officers are trained in Critical Incident
  Response/Rapid Deployment, Incident Command,
  National Incident Management System, and stress
  based shooting. 
• Further, the FSU PD takes the extra step to set
  up mock disasters/shooting exercises on a full
  scale basis for officer training, and we are a
  designated training site for Incident Command.

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Best Practice Programs

• Crisis Management Unit A student who is
  experiencing emotional or mental issues can talk
  to a plainclothes (specially trained) officer and
  licensed psychology doctoral student 24/7/365. 
• An Officer and a mental health rep respond to the
  scene and provide emergency counseling and
  referrals.  If the person must be involuntarily
  admitted for mental health treatment, this may
  also occur.

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Best Practices Programs

• Employee Threat Assessment Team Much like the
  Special Situation Resolution Team, but geared
  toward employees/staff with issues.
• Public Safety Meeting Key campus authorities
  meet every 2 weeks to discuss campus safety
  issues in their respective departments.  Meetings
  are held at FSUPD.

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Best Practices Programs

• Intelligence Officer An Investigator is
  assigned full-time to gather and share
  information that is of interest to public safety
  on campus.
•  
• This Investigator works with local, state, and
  federal law enforcement on several committees and
  task forces.

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University of Central Florida

• A student that is considered to be a potential
  threat to him/herself or campus community appears
  before the Crisis Committee.
• Crisis Committee Team consists of
• Health Services Director
• Counseling Center Director
• Associate Director of Safety and Security for
  University Police
• Director of the Office of Student Rights and
  Responsibilities
• Office of Student Conduct Representative
• Associate Dean for Academic Services
• Director of Housing and Residence Life

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Best Practice Programs

• Develop a strategy and intervention plan to
  stabilize the situation.
• Identify resources and plan for the student in
  crisis which may include counseling, suspensions,
  withdrawal, etc

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Best Practice Programs

• Crisis Intervention Team Training
• At least (3) CIT Officers on each squad.
• Did you know
• 70 of UCF officers CIT trained goal of 100.

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Best Practice Programs

• Emergency Response Team (ERT)
• Team of officers that undergo continuous
  specialized tactical training.
• UCF Community Relations Unit
• Encountering Difficult Students in the
  Classroom Workshop
• Attendees Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Teaching
  Assistants.
• Identify resources and response protocols for
  potential problem students.

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Adopt an Environmental Management Approach to
Prevention

• Multiple prevention strategies that affect the
  entire campus environment
• Strong presidential leadership
• A broad spectrum campus-wide task force
• Engagement with the local community
• http//www.higheredcenter.org/framework/

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Environmental cont

• Participation of campus administrators in public
  policy debates, at all levels
• Incorporate traditional Crime Prevention through
  Environmental Design (CPTED) processes in the
  reconstruction and refurbishment

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Resource the campus protection agency

• Institutions must be prepared to provide a high
  level of security for their communities
• The standard for adequate security has evolved,
  requiring a much higher level on campus
• Dimensions to consider
• Nature of threats on campus
• Demographics
• Physical features
• Utilization
• Facilities
• Main vs. branch campuses
• Taken from Max Bromley in Campus Crime

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Provide effective mental health services to
community members

• Adequately staffed counseling centers
• Policies and procedures
• Professional development for counselors
• Outreach
• Interaction with first year students
• Multidisciplinary crisis team approach
• Mutual Aid with other providers
• Tort Claims protection for counselors
• Clarifying regulations, i.e FERPA, etc

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Resource the campus protection agency

• What does resource mean?
• Do you have the right people on the bus?
• Are they appropriately authorized?
• Are they adequately trained?
• Are they equipped to meet challenges?
• Do they have the right financial resources? (1.5
  of the operating budget)

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Require collaboration among student service
providers

• Eliminate stovepipes and barriers to
  communication
• All approaches should be multidisciplinary,
  collaborative, and comprehensive
• Remove barriers to communication with senior
  level decision makers

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Leverage technology to enhance safety efforts

• Recent advancements in technology have made
  security tools more prevalent and accessible. It
  has become the standard for colleges and
  universities to employ automated card access
  systems, visitor management systems, and security
  video.
• Newer technology such as global positioning
  devices that allow the tracking of students, when
  needed, will expand in the coming years. Other
  enhancements such as multi-modal mass
  notification systems have become the norm within
  a very short time span.

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Support participation in consortia and
professional associations

• Joint Terrorism Task Forces
• IACP
• IACLEA
• State Associations
• Local Consortiums
• Local Emergency Planning Committees
• Multi Agency Task Forces

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Support participation in consortia and
professional associations

• Foster internal and external capabilities
• Formal and informal avenues that provide
  opportunities to share ideas with other LE
  professionals, add a complement to structured
  training and experiences.
• As communication improves best practices can be
  identified and shared.

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Develop a crisis communications strategy

• The flow of information during a crisis is one of
  the most important factors in an effective
  response.
• An effective strategy will include communications
  amongst campus administrators students and other
  campus community members with concerned
  constituents such as parents and trustees among
  and between campus and off-campus first
  responders

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Encourage support for campus safety initiatives
from Federal, State Government

• National Center for Campus Public Safety
• Support the field, foster collaboration and
  lasting relationships
• Facilitate information sharing
• Provide quality education.

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Some surprising statistics

• Bureau of Justice Stastistics
• Campus Victimization Survey
• Campus Law Enforcement

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School Crime

• FBI UCR Data
• Of the 17,065,074 incidents reported through the
  NIBRS by law enforcement from 2000 to 2004,
• 558,219 (3.3 percent) occurred at schools.
• Age was known for 393,938 offenders. 14 Of those,
  most (38.0 percent) were 13-15 year olds. The
  second largest group was 16-18 year olds (30.7
  percent), followed by those offenders aged 19 or
  older (18.2 percent)

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School Crime

• The most common weapon type
• reported was personal weapons (the offenders
  hands, fists, feet, etc.),
• Of the 179,109 arrestees about whom the race was
  known, 72.8 percent were white 25.3 percent were
  black and 1.9 percent were all other race
  categories combined.
• The number of crime in school-related incidents
  was highest in October

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National Crime Victimization Study

• Bureau of Justice Statistics
• Violent Victimization of College Students,
  1995-2002

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Victimization Study

• From 1995 to 2002 violence against college
  students decreased 54,
• while violence against nonstudents of similar
  ages fell 45
• Except for rape/sexual assault, college students
  were most often violently victimized by people
  they did not know

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Victimization Survey

• Characteristics of violent
• victimizations of college students
• 58 were committed by strangers.
• 41 of offenders were perceived to be using
  alcohol or drugs.
• 93 of crimes occurred off campus,
• 72 occurred at night.

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Victimization Study

• College students were more likely to be violently
  victimized off campus than on campus between 1995
  and 2002.
• This was true for both students who lived on
  campus (85) and those living off campus (95).
• Overall, about 9 out of 10 students were
  victimized off Campus

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Law Enforcement Survey

• Bureau of Justice Statistics 2004-(not yet
  released)
• Survey of 4000 institutions
• 86 -meet with Housing on a regular basis
• Emergency Plans
• 2/3 Have a Terrorism Response Policy
• 94 Have Emergency Plans
• 64 Exercise the Plans

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Law Enforcement Survey

• Written Polices
• 69 Dealing with Mentally Ill
• 56 Dealing with Student Judicial Affairs
• 55 Dealing with Housing/Residential Life

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Law Enforcement Survey

• Special Services
• 67 Alcohol Education
• 63 Community Policing
• 73 Drug Programs
• 78 Rape
• 60 Stalking

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IACLEA

• Task Force reviewed reports and are discussing
  the following recommendations.
• RECOMMENDATION Institutions should consider a
  process whereby they ask all members of the
  community upon application (admissions and
  employment) whether they have been charged or
  convicted of a crime and details. Institutions
  should consider using criminal record checks for
  their students, faculty and staff.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Institutions use an array of
  means and methods to disseminate information for
  responding to an array of emergencies, and the
  institution's approach to emergency management
  and institutional response. This should include
  an array of delivery options, such as in-person
  presentations (i.e., res life programming
  orientation sessions for students and employees)
  Internet-based delivery and documents

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION The Campus Public Safety
  Executive should have direct access to the most
  senior decision makers during an emergency.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Institutions should have plans in
  place for closing all or portions of the campus,
  and for cancelling some or all classes. Not
  really feasible for some, including large and
  sprawling campuses recommend that campuses
  develop a shelter in place policy instead of
  using the word closing (tricky and very difficult
  to close some campuses)

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Institutions should use the
  National Incident Management System (NIMS) to
  manage emergencies and have a decision making
  process and structure to facilitate interaction
  between institutional leadership, institutional
  resources and local public safety. IACLEA
  sponsors an Incident Command management course
  with support from a U.S. Department of Homeland
  Security grant. The course presents the
  principles of NIMS as well as the Incident
  Command System (ICS) and the Unified Command
  concept. 

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Institutional emergency
  management plans should include a section on
  victim services that addresses the significant
  impact of homicide and other disaster-caused
  deaths on survivors and the role of victim
  service providers in the overall plan.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Universities and colleges should
  ensure that they have adequate plans to stand up
  a joint information center with a public
  information officer and adequate staff during
  major incidents on campus.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Universities and colleges should
  work with their local government partners to
  improve plans for mutual aid in all areas of
  crisis response, including that of victim
  services. IACLEA has model mutual aid agreements
  and MOUs for institutional consideration. These
  resources are contained in a Guide to
  Strengthened Communications between Campus Public
  Safety Departments and Federal-State-Local
  Emergency Response Agencies. IACLEA produced this
  Guide with support from a federal DHS grant. The
  guide makes a number of useful recommendations
  intended to enhance communications with first
  responders. Among these is a recommendation to
  develop mutual aid agreements and/or memoranda of
  understanding in cooperation with local law
  enforcement and other emergency response agencies.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Universities and colleges must
  comply with the Clery Act, which requires timely
  public warnings of imminent danger. Institutions
  must have a policy that describes their timely
  warning practice and in that policy, they should
  develop an individual definition of "timely" in
  relation to available technology, available
  communication systems, and nature of the crisis.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Campus emergency communications
  systems must have multiple means of sharing
  information, including high-technology and
  low-technology.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Campus Public Safety as well as
  administration officials should have the
  authority and capability to send an emergency
  message.
• RECOMMENDATION Recipients of emergency messages
  should be urged to inform others.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Campus public safety (sworn and
  non-sworn) must receive adequate and appropriate
  training for active shooter situations and
  include local public safety agencies.
  Institutions should ensure that their public
  safety function has state of the art equipment
  for such response needs. IACLEA is actively
  seeking partnerships with the federal government
  and other campus safety stakeholders to develop a
  comprehensive model training program to train
  campus public safety departments in effective
  response to campus violence.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Universities and colleges should
  involve themselves in regional disaster drills on
  at least an annual basis.
• RECOMMENDATION Campus public safety should be
  included on the institution's threat assessment
  and emergency response teams.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION Universities and colleges should
  give appropriate emphasis and balance to the
  multi-faceted roles of their public safety
  functions.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATIONS IACLEA supports a "safe harbor"
  provision in the appropriate laws and where
  necessary to insulate a person or organization
  from liability (or loss of funding) for making a
  disclosure with a good faith belief that the
  disclosure was necessary to protect the health,
  safety, or welfare of the person involved or
  members of the general public.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATIONS IACLEA supports the need for
  continual review of applicable laws and
  regulations governing privacy for deconfliction,
  efficiency and effectiveness as warranted.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION IACLEA believes that universities
  and colleges should make clear in their
  literature what their policy is regarding weapons
  on campus. Prospective students and their
  parents, as well as university staff, should know
  the policy related to concealed weapons so they
  can decide whether they prefer an armed or
  arms-free learning environment.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION IACLEA supports the application
  of best practices in the operations of
  communications centers. Towards this goal, IACLEA
  supports accreditation and related professional
  standards. We strongly recommend collaboration
  between campus and local public safety dispatch
  towards the goal of familiarization with campus
  facilities.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION IACLEA supports institutional
  review of physical security infrastructure
  including locking mechanisms on all doors to
  ensure optimal safety of faculty, staff,
  students, visitors and guests.

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IACLEA

• RECOMMENDATION IACLEA recommends that all
  emergency service responders receive Critical
  Incident Stress Management services after
  critical incidents.