Fish

1
Fish Fisheries

• Over 27,000 known species of fish in rivers,
  lakes, oceans
• Over 132 million metric tons of fish are captured
  and raised each year
• 130US million of revenue generated and over 200
  million jobs world-wide
• In Canada
• Artic, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans
• Great Lakes
• Longest coastline
• Largest offshore economic zone
• Largest freshwater systen
• Longest inland waterway
• Largest archipelago
• Worlds greatest tidal range

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• CANADA'S FISHERIES AND OCEANS INDUSTRIES
• Oceans Industries (2000)
• Value of Output 22.7 billion
• Employment 152,000 jobs
• Commercial Catches (2005)
• Quantity 1,096,645 tonnes
• Value 2 billion
• Aquaculture production (2005)
• Quantity 154,993 tonnes
• Value 715.1 million

3
Global Warming

• Warming water
• Changing sea levels
• Changing currents
• Changing rainfall

4
Increasing Water Temperature

• Increased metabolism
• Less O2 dissolved in water
• Mature quicker
• Less offspring
• Less species thriving (cold water fish)
• Territory overlap

5
Reef Degredation

• Feared could kill coral reefs by 2050
• Rising carbon emissions
• Act as hatcheries and nurseries for ocean fish
  (30 billion)
• Largest reef beds are the Great Barrier and in
  north america, Hawaii
• Best case carbon levels must stay where they are
  today, if not lowered

6
Quotas Over fishing

• Global warming and unpredictable fish behaviour
  prompt shortened seasons and quotas
• Must combat increased demand

7
Solutions

• Macro
• Aquaculture rearing of aquatic animals or plants
  for food
• Increasing supply to match the demand
• Countries working together
• Increased studies

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Solutions

• Meso
• Financing aquaculture
• Decreasing carbon emissions
• Educating the public
• Micro
• Catch and release
• Purchasing abundant fish species
• Be green!

9
Aquaculture

• Neptune Industries Inc.

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11
Shortage in Grain Production

• From 2000 to 2003 grain stocks have been dropping
• Resulting in a global grain harvest that was
  short of consumption by 93 million tons.
• In richer nations, a decrease in grain production
  is felt by both the developed and the developing
  world.
• In the developed world an increase in cost of
  grain products is the most predominant effect.
• In developing nations it becomes a matter of life
  and death.

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Solutions

• Micro Local communities can encourage
  individuals to buy from local farmers in an
  effort to keep them from loosing their
  established farms.
• Meso Individual countries can provide financial
  assistance and incentives to farmers and crop
  growers in order to combat the loss in
  productivity.
• Macro On a global scale, we require everyone to
  be educated as to the importance of grains to
  both the developing and developed world.

13
Temperature Potential Effects on Growing Period

• Growth periods are primarily affected by
  temperature.
• Crop development is sped up with the onset of
  increased temperatures.
• For example, the duration in order to harvest
  corn could shorten between one and four weeks.

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Solutions

• Micro In local communities agricultural co-ops
  can be formed in order to protect themselves from
  the loss in productivity.
• Meso Individual countries can promote the
  different sectors of agricultural production by
  supporting the consumption of locally grown
  produce and meats when they are in season.
• Macro On a global scale, it is imperative to
  educate national leadership on the detrimental
  effects global warming has on growing periods and
  what this can mean to the production of
  agricultural products world wide.

15
Agricultural Surfaces and Climate Change

• Climate change is likely to increase the amount
  of arable land near the poles by reduction of the
  amount of frozen lands.
• Sea levels could rise up to one meter higher by
  2100.
• Land loss
• Salinity of the water table

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Solutions

• Micro In a more local setting, individual
  communities should promote farming in the inner
  parts of the country where a rise in sea level
  will have a more minimal affect.
• Meso Individual countries need to promote
  alternative fuel use in order to cut back on
  emissions. This is a major issue for
  industrialized nations.
• Macro On a global scale, the severity of this
  issue needs to be discussed. Educational forums
  can be held to further the understanding on the
  detrimental effects climate change will have on
  agricultural surfaces.

17
Deforestation Impacts

• Deforestation is one of the leading causes of
  global warming it accounts for 20 of global
  carbon emissions.
• 90 of the Worlds poorest people rely on
  resources provided by forests
• Trees and other plants remove carbon dioxide from
  the atmosphere through the process of
  photosynthesis, deforestation results in the
  release of Carbon dioxide into the
  atmosphere...causing a rise in global temperature

mongabay.com
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Example Brazils Amazon Rainforest

• largest rainforest in the World
• many ecosystems are sustained by amazon
• emits more than 200 million metric tonnes of
  Carbon dioxide due to deforestation making Brazil
  one of the largest CO2 emitting countries in the
  world.

19
Amazon Rainforest

• Deforestation caused mainly by soybean production
  and cattle ranching (as the prices for soybean
  increases so does deforestation)
• Brazilians believe that deforestation is
  effective because it generates money from soybean
  production

www.mindfully.org/Air/2005/Amazon-Rainforest-Hurri
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Deforestation Soy Production
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Forest Fires

• Deforestation results in less plants and degraded
  soil which is unfertile and unable to absorb
  water. This results in less transpiration which
  equals fewer rain clouds and less rain
• Forest becomes drier creating forest fires, thus
  destroying more of the forest and contributing
  more to global warming

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Amazon Forest Fires
23
Forest Solutions

• Macro Level
• WWF/World Bank Partnership
• 125 million acres of new forest protected areas
• 125 million acres of existing but highly
  threatened forest protected areas secured under
  effective management
• 495 million acres of production forests under
  independently certified sustainable management.
• Arbor Day Foundation
• Greenpeace
• Conservation International

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Forest Solutions

• Meso Level
• Planting Holiday

• Micro Level
• Get involved...plant a tree!!!

25
Biofuels

• combustible fuel produced from biomass like
  plants
• reduces dependency on foreign oil
• goal of reducing carbon emission but in reality
  biofuel production contributes greatly to global
  warming by releasing greenhouse gases.
• main biofuels used today are bioethanol and
  biodiesel

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Biofuel Production Global Warming

• Increases crop production therefore increasing
  agriculture and thus releasing greenhouse gases
• In 2007 Paul Crutzen won the Nobel Prize for
  discovering that biofuel production releases more
  greenhouse gases than it saves
• Biofuel production releases nitrous oxide which
  destroys atmosphere

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Biofuel Food Production

• Raw materials used for biofuels are mainly corn
  and sugar cane
• With increasing demands for biofuels, raw
  materials must be generated through crop
  production. This reduces food production and food
  prices increase
• Increase in World hunger poor people will
  experience more hunger because they will be
  unable to afford food
• According to IMF, food prices rose 10 in 2006
  due to the rise in price of corn and soybean
• Latin American countries will be exploited

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Example Argentina

• Refining soybean production to use for biofuels
  and making Argentina a global leader in renewable
  energy.
• Argentina is a target for biofuel production
  because it offers cheap labour and the Argentina
  government completely agrees causing biofuel
  production to triple by 2015.
• Government is ignoring effects of biofuel
  production increase in poverty due to hunger and
  increase carbon emissions
• Soil erosion and deforestation will result from
  crop production

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The Future of Biofuel Production

• More people dying of hunger due to inflation of
  food prices
• Deforestation of precious forests
• Exploitation of labour
• Increase in global warming