The World of ANCIENT GREECE

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The World ofANCIENT GREECE

• . . . Or the beginnings of democracy

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Early Greek city-states

• Athens and Sparta were strong in different ways.
• Athens became a great democracy and was governed
  by all the free males in the city. Sparta was a
  military state ruled by a small group of people.

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Athens became wealthy from its trade and
colonies. The wealth of Sparta came from the work
of slaves. There was great rivalry between
Athens and Sparta, which eventually led to a war
for rule of Greece in 431 B. C.
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FYI

• Did you know
• Women in Ancient Greece dressed in a single
  rectangular piece of cloth that was just pinned
  together.
• The Greeks were the first to have a democratic
  government.
• The first Olympic games were held in Greece
  almost 3000 years ago.
• The Greeks were the first to develop an alphabet
  with vowels.

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Athens
500 to 430 B.C.
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The Golden Age of Athens

• A time of great writing and learning.

The center of Greek civilization and culture
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• Also known as the golden age of Pericles
• Politician and speaker
• Able to influence government voting

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Great artists and thinkers came and thrived.
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• Socrates a sculptor and teacher. His motto was
  know thyself. He tried to help people
  understand the meaning of honor, justice, love,
  patriotism, duty, and friendship.
• Plato the greatest of Socrates students, wrote
  The Republic

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Aristotle wrote books on Greek drama, correct
thinking, and the principles of good
government. Pythagoras A Greek mathematician.
Famous for his Pythagorean Theorem to measure a
triangles sides.
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• Democritus He believed all matter was made of
  tiny moving particles he called atoms.

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• Hippocrates The founder of medicine. He taught
  that all diseases came from natural causes not
  curses. whatever ails you is a good diet, rest,
  and plenty of fresh air.

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• Herodotus storyteller and historian. Father of
  history
• Thucydides famous for his history of the
  Peloponnesian War.

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Architecture and sculpture
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• Athenian soldiers were required to serve two
  years in the military, one in the garrison and
  one in a border fort. After the first year, they
  were given a sword and a shield with the state's
  emblem on it.

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• The army consisted of horsemen and hoplites,
  footsoldiers. They were armed with swords,
  shields, and extremely long lances.

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• Although they served only two years, they could
  be called at any moment up to age sixty.

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• Most wars between city-states were due to
  problems concerning harvests or livestock,
  sometimes only lasting a day or so.

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• There was a truce called every four years in
  Greece in order for the citizens of different
  city-states to travel to Athens for the Olympic
  Games.

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and plays!
In open-air theaters.
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THE FIRST DEMOCRACY
They believed that citizens of a country should
govern that country.
Democracy a form of government in which the
people rule.
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The Assembly passed the laws.
Every citizen of Athens was a member of the
Assembly.
Direct democracy where citizens participate
directly.
Representative democracy where representatives
are chosen to represent groups of people the
USA.
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Who was a citizen?
Only free Athenian males could be citizens.
Males could take part when they turned 18.
Women could not take part in government.
Males from other countries and slaves could not
take part in government.
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SPARTA
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A military state in Greece.
EVERY male became a soldier.
Taught to be loyal and obey orders.
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Its soldiers were the most powerful in Greece.
Began training at age 7 and served until they
were 60.
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Women in Sparta
Usually married by 20.
They were citizens and were viewed as equals.
Did not become soldiers but young women had to
remain physically fit.
.
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Trained in gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, and
running
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Because of their emphasis on the military,
Spartans did little in the arts and sciences.
Today, when we use the word Spartan, we mean
plain and uncomplaining.
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In 431 B.C., the Peloponnesian War broke out.
Sparta defeated Athens after 27 years of war.
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Peloponnesian War allies
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The Gods of Olympus
Greek gods were important to the Greek way of
life. The Greeks worshiped many gods and
goddesses and invented stories, or myths, about
them. Each god or goddess was a ruler of some
part of nature or human life. Here are some of
the gods and goddesses
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The Greeks believed that Mount Olympus, the
tallest mountain in Greece, was the home of the
gods. Zeus was considered the most powerful of
the Greek gods. He was not the creator of the
world though.
Agrigento. Temple of Hera
Segesta, Temple. Interior from E
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The Greeks thought there had been several
generations of gods. Zeus had a mother and father
as well as a number of sons and daughters. Some
of these gods were mortal and others were
immortal. Not all the gods were pleasant. Some
were ugly or deformed.
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There were 12 Olympians (gods)
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The 5 most powerful gods

• Zeus - Chief god of the Greeks.
• Hera - The goddess of marriage and women.
• Apollo - The god of sun and light.
• Athena - Goddess of wisdom, war, the arts,
  industry, justice and skill.
• Poseidon - God of the sea.

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The other seven. . .

• Artemis - The moon goddess
• Hermes - The messenger or herald of the gods
• Aphrodite - Goddess of love and beauty
• Ares - god of war. Hated by the other gods and
  humans because of his violence

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Hestia - Goddess of the hearth fire Hades - God
of the underworld and wealth Demeter - Goddess of
agriculture, plants, and harvest
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The Olympics
Entrance to Olympic stadium
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• No one knows why the games started. Here are a
  few myths explaining why the first games were
  held
• One legend says the games were started when
  Hercules brought a sacred olive tree to Olympia.
• Others say the Olympic Games were first held as
  part of a religious festival honoring Zeus.

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• The games were held every four years at four
  different shrines
• Olympia - Zeus honored
• Nemean Gamea at Nemea (in southern Greece) - Zeus
  honored
• Isthmian Games at Isthmia in Corinth -  Poseidon
  honored
• Pythian Games at Delphi - Apollo honored

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776 B. C. The first Olympic Games were held.

• Lasted 5 days
• Featured sports, music, and drama
• All wars stopped
• Oxen sacrificed to Zeus at the end

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The Events

• The Pentathlon
• Running
• Chariot races
• Horse races
• Boxing
• The Marathon

Ancient running, Jumping, Javelin throwing,
discus throwing, wrestling Modern pistol
shooting, epee fencing, swimming, riding
(equestrian show jumping) and cross-country
running.
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THE MODERN OLYMPICS

• Baron Pierre de Coubertin

1896
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ACCOMPLISHMENTSOF THE GREEKS

• They developed the worlds first democracy
• They were the first to take a scientific approach
  to medicine. Hippocrates is known as the father
  of medicine.

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• The first dramas in outdoor theaters.
• Invented the rules of geometry. Only the Bible
  has been more widely studied
• Developed the art of philosophy
• The Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer

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• They wrote the first histories
• They studied and described a way to classify, or
  group different types of plants.
• They created magnificent buildings and sculptures.

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The final end of Athenian democracy A year after
their defeat of Athens in 404 BC, the Spartans
allowed the Athenians to replace the government
of the Thirty Tyrants with a new democracy.
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• As a system of government, democracy quickly
  spread to a number of other leading city-states,
  despite the authoritarian grip of Sparta on the
  Greek world. However, Sparta's dominance was not
  to last. Overextended and unable to adjust to new
  battle techniques,

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• in 371 BC Spartan hoplites suffered their first
  major defeat in 200 years at the hands of the
  Theban general Epaminodas. Only a decade later
  Sparta had been reduced to a shadow of its former
  self.

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• But Thebes' dominance of Greece would be
  short-lived. A new power had begun to assert its
  leadership over the country Macedonia. Once a
  backwater, the Macedonian king, Philip II, had
  turned his country into a military powerhouse.

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• Philip's decisive victory came in 338 BC, when he
  defeated a combined force from Athens and Thebes.
  A year later Philip formed the League of Corinth
  which established him as the ruler, or hegemon,
  of a federal Greece.

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• Democracy in Athens had finally come to an end.
  The destiny of Greece would thereafter become
  inseparable with the empire of Philip's son
  Alexander the Great.

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Greek alphabet
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• Aesop was born in the year 620 B. C. in Greece.
  He was born a slave. His first master was Xanthus
  and his second master was Jadmon. Aesop was
  granted his freedom by Jadmon.

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• After gaining his freedom Aesop raised his status
  from slavery to one of high respect. He traveled
  through many countries.

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Each of these fables have a lesson to be told.
Many of the fables are a means of political and
social criticism.
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The stories end with a moral to assure the reader
understands the message. Over 600 fables are have
been collected and written down.
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ANCIENT ROMA

• Its rise and fall. . . .

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• Rome began as a group of small villages in an
  area of seven hills on the Tiber River in
  southern Europe.
• The villages grew in the hills until they became
  one large town.

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• This town eventually became the largest empire in
  the world, with hundreds of nationalities and
  tribes and almost 100 million people

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From Etruscans to Romans

• The Etruscans invaded and conquered Rome about
  750 B.C.
• They ruled for about 200 years.
• The people of Rome drove out the Etruscans about
  500 B.C.

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Roman Citizens

• Two classes
• Patricians rich nobles
• Plebeians common people
• For over 100 years the patricians controlled the
  government
• Passed laws that were unfair to the plebeians

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The Beginnings

• 46 B.C. Julius Caesar took power in Rome
• Built new buildings, reduced taxes, made life
  better for the plebeians
• The Senate, made up of patricians, thought Caesar
  had too much power
• murdered him in 44 B.C.

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• Caesars adopted son Octavian took power in 27
  B.C.
• Changed his name to Augustus meaning great
• This was the beginning of the Roman Empire

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• Beginning of a 200 year period - Pax Romana
  (Roman Peace)
• A time of peace and progress
• Augustus ruled from 27 B.C. to A.D. 14
• With the death of Marcus Aurelius, in A.D. 180, a
  long decline began

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• Set up a new form of government called a republic
• No kings or queens
• Citizens choose the people to run the government
• Free men allowed to vote
• Women and slaves were not allowed to vote.

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Timeline
800 B.C. Etruscans conquer Italy
450 B.C. Romans adopt a code of laws
44 B.C. Julius Caesar is assassinated
31 B.C. Augustus becomes first Roman emperor
A.D. 476 Roman Empire falls
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• The Roman Empire stretched from the Middle East
  to Great Britain.
• Hard to control because it was so large.
• A.D. 290 emperor Diocletian divided the empire
  into two sections
• Western Empire and the Eastern Empire

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• Constantine took power in A.D. 324 and shifted
  the capital from Rome to Constantinople
• 5th century the Huns (Romans called them
  barbarians) invaded the Roman Empire.

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• The Huns conquered the Western Empire
• The Eastern Empire lasted for another 1000 years.

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Roman Gods

• Jupiter - King of gods and god of light
• Juno - Queen of the gods
• Vesta goddess of the hearth

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• Mars god of war
• Ceres goddess of the harvest, mother earth
• Minerva goddess of wisdom

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• Venus goddess of love. Her son was Cupid
• Janus god of the beginnings (January)
• Diana goddess of the moon and of hunting

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• Neptune god of the sea
• Vulcan god of fire
• Mercury messenger of the gods and protector of
  traders

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Accomplishments of the Romans

• They wrote a set of laws that became the basis of
  many legal systems for many countries of Europe
  and Latin America.
• They built roads, bridges, and aqueducts to carry
  water.

Ancient Roman Alphabet
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• Building on architecture developed by the Greeks,
  Roman architects built the arch, the dome, and
  the column.
• Some famous Roman buildings are the

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1) Temple of Vesta, 2) the Pantheon, 3) the
Colosseum, 4) the Theater of Pompey, and
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5) the Arch of Titus.
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• Even aqueducts were designed using arches and
  columns.

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• They created sculptures that actually looked like
  the people they portrayed, a first in ancient
  times.
• Their language (Latin) became the basis for many
  other languages, including French, Italian,
  Spanish, and Portuguese.

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• The Roman poet Virgil wrote an epic poem, the
  Aeneid, which traces Romes origins to Aeneas,
  one of the warriors in the Iliad by Homer.

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They united people and created peace in a vast
empire.
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• They invented Roman numerals, which are still
  used today.
• The numbers that we use are called Arabic
  numbers, as the Europeans learned them from the
  Arabs, although they were invented in India.
  Romans had a completely different number system.

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The ups and downs

• Roman republic ends about 27 B.C. when Augustus
  became emperor.

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Reasons for the Fall of Rome

• There was no orderly way of choosing an emperor.
• Often done by military leaders
• They murdered the emperor when they didnt like
  them
• To support the large army, Romans were heavily
  taxed.
• Created burdens for the common people.

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• Small farmers could not compete with large
  landowners, who used slaves for labor.
• Less food was grown because of poor farming
  methods on estates.
• People without jobs, such as out-or-work small
  farmers, used up tax money

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V. Diseases killed about a third of the people
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Roman Numerals

• a quick lesson

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Arabic Roman 1 I 5 V 10 X 50 L
100 C 500 D 1000 M
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But why did the Romans choose these letters as
symbols?
Well, the Romans counted on their fingers! I or
II or III or IIII are different numbers of
fingers held up.
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the thumb and little finger make a V, and it's a
lot easier than to draw the whole hand.
Ten fingers are both hands, and X is two V's
(with one upside down).
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The Romans spoke a language called Latin, and the
Latin for hundred is Centum. So C stands for
hundred. What do these words mean? Century -
Centurion - Centimeter - Cent - Centipede
Fifty is half of a hundred, so the Romans took
the symbol for hundred, C, and cut it in half.
This makes an L, which became fifty.
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The Latin for thousand is Mille. So M stands for
thousand. What do these words mean? Millennium -
Millimeter - Millipede
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Five hundred is half of a thousand, so the Romans
took the symbol for thousand, M, and cut it in
half the other way. This makes a (sort of) D,
which became five hundred.
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DAYS
English Saxon Title of God Roman/French Monday
Mona The MoonMoon Lundi Tuesday Tiu God
of War MarsMardi Wednesday Woden The Cunning
God MercuryMecredi Thursday Thor Thunder God
JoveJeudi Friday Freyja Goddess of Love
Venus Vendredi Saturday --- God of Time
SaturnSamedi Sunday Sunne The Sun
SunDimanche
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Month Names
Where do the month names come from? Name Comes
from Who or what? Why? January Janus God
of Doors This month opens the year. February
februo purify This was a Roman month
of sacrifices and purification. March
Mars God of War Start of year for soldiers
(no fighting during winter) April
aperire Open This is the month when trees
open their leaves. May Maia Goddess
of Growth This is the month when plants
really start to grow. June Juno Queen
of the Gods July Julius Caesar Ruler of Rome
He reorganised the calendar. August Augustus
Ruler of Rome He thought he was at least
as important as Julius Caesar! September
septem seven Seventh month (counting
from March) October octo eight
Eighth month (counting from March) November
novem nine Ninth month (counting from
March) December decem ten Tenth month
(counting from March)