Regents Review - Ancient Greece

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Ancient GREECE
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Archaic Greece 1650 BCE - 700 BCE
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Bronze Age Greece
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Crete Minoan Civilization(Palace at Knossos)
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Knossos Minoan Civilization
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Minoan Civilization
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The Mycenaean Civilization
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Homer The Heroic Age
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The Mask of Agamemnon
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"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece 700 BCE - 324 BCE
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Ancient GREECE
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The Geography of Greece
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Greek Geography

• Mountains Valleys
• Part of the Balkan Peninsula
• Surrounded by Mediterranean Sea
• Mountainous / Numerous tiny islands
• This is the cause for the lack of unification in
  Greece (everyone is cutoff)
• This leads to the creation of independent
  city-states
• Seas
• Vital link to outside world
• Skilled sailors
• Allows for the spread of their ideas and culture

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ATHENS Yesterday Today
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Piraeus Athens Port City
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Early Athenian Lawgivers

• Context
• Growing discontent in Athens among the soldiers
  farming/merchant classes over the power of the
  aristocracy (rich) nobles
• Farmers were forced to sell themselves into
  slavery
• Foreigners desire citizenship
• Reform is desired / Athens moves toward a
  democracy (rule by the people)

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Early Athens

• With the Emergence of early Athens 800-400
  B.C.E.
• Rise of Democracy during the 5th century
• Monarchies forced aside by the Aristocratic
  class Gave rise to the Oligarchs in the early
  500s
• Solon Reformer, set up laws that were written
  and could be revised.
• 510 Rebellion broke out Cleisthenes( Aristocrat)
  to gain control However instability within the
  aristocrats led to the rise of democracy in
  Athens.

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Athenian Democracy

• Town meetings
• Only free white males assembled together
• make decisions that affected the polis
• Able to speak freely, persuade others to their
  opinions Collective votes determined political
  actions.
• Emergence of the Council of 500
• Citizens were chosen for a term of 1yr
• Responsible for making and implementing policies
• Democratic principles were heavily emphasized
• Only consisted of free white males
• Women and Slaves No political Power

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Early Sparta

• 7th century B.C.E.
• Both Athens and Sparta were similar in many ways
• However, Major rebellions in and around Sparta
  influenced a highly Militaristic society
• 700s Spartans defeated Messenia ( City-State)
• 600s Messenians challenged the Spartans Led to
  the Spartans grasping a tighter control over the
  Military.

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Sparta

• Military Powerhouse
• Spartan Men Warriors
• Self Disciplined
• Rigidly obedient
• Emphasized Fitness for Both Men and Women.

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Economic Characteristics

• Economic

• Trade

• Ionia Rivers Fertile plain near the coast
• Greek Farmers on mainland Depended on rainfall
  for their crops
• Poor Soil Limited crop production
• Planted barley, olive trees, grape vines
• Sheep, Goats were raised in most areas
• Cattle and Horses in Northern Greece
• Natural Resources
• Building stones Marble
• Clay Pottery
• Very few metal deposits

• Across the Aegean
• Timber, gold, iron, copper and tin.
• Coinage
• Significance facilitated Trade
• Replaced inefficient systems of weighing gold and
  silver exchange of goods.
• Storage of wealth more efficient

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Social Distinctions Citizens vs. Non
Citizens

• Sparta

• Athens

• Equal in Status
• Spartans were simple people
• Frugal lifestyle Did not accumulate possessions
• Houses were equally unadorned
• Distinctions were made by military and athletic
  Talent.
• Spartan Boys age of 7yrs
• Trained in military barracks
• Maintained order and stability through highly
  organized military
• Trade and luxuries seen as harmful to their
  purity
• Society maintained by Military values

• Urban-based Aristocracy
• Simple farmers
• Distinction between aristocracy and the commoners
  led to discontent and reform
• Gave commoners More Rights
• Society was maintained by democratic principles
• Only Free male citizens could participate making
  them more equal
• Ironically Divided free men vs. slaves. ( 30
  of Pop made up of slaves)
• Divisions of labor in Athens Personal servants,
  Craftsman
• Slaves held no political rights, nor could they
  serve in the army

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Gender Relations Men and Women

• Sparta

• Athens

• Women were free and equal to men
• Encouraged to be physical fit as men Produce
  strong and healthy babies
• Wives did not live with husbands ( Men were often
  at war)
• Sparta Run by Women
• While men were on the war front.
• Women maintained the city state and household

• Gender inequality Clearly Defined
• Respectable Athenian women
• Confined to the home
• Ventured outside under the guardianship of slaves
  and servants
• Women in rural areas
• Had more Freedom
• However, Athenian women No political rights,
  could not own property or businesses
• Citizens however could not participate in
  government affairs
• Other Athenian Women ( not upper class)
  Particularly prostitutes
• Did not follow same rules and were considered
  lower in class distinction.

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Cultural Characteristics Philosophy/Religion

• Philosophy Love of Wisdom
• Interested in the physical world
• Did not believe the Gods caused natural phenomena
• Nature or Natural law caused phenomena
• Socrates 470-399 b.c.e
• Focused on ethical questions and truth seeking
  regarding human nature.
• Rational of Human Nature Ability of humans to
  reason for themselves
• Convicted of poisoning the minds of young
  Athenian youths
• Trial of Socrates indicates the clash between
  traditional religious values and the emphasis on
  human reasoning

• Religion
• Polytheistic
• Not omnipotent
• Carried same emotions as humans
• No priestly class
• Did not take their gods seriously
• Did not believe the gods controlled human destiny
• Emphasized Secularism affairs of the world
• Led to seeking the answers to the dilemmas of
  Human existence
• Similar to Confucianism ?

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Art Drama, Lyric Poems, Classical Architecture

• Drama 600s in athens
• Representation of myths about the gods,
  interventions with human affairs
• Lyric Poetry
• form of musical quality of songs Express
  personal feelings

• Architecture
• Greek temples
• Parthenon on the Acropolis
• Architecture Widely adopted by the Romans
• Legacy Provided the basic principles of modern
  architecture

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Greek Sculpture

• Reflect how they valued worth of an individual
• Revealed human capabilities
• Physically/Intellectually
• Depicted the concept of Beauty and Perfection
• Expression individualized

• Achievements of the Greeks during the classical
  age 500-300 b.c.e
• Hellenic culture Based on the Greek term Hellas

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Early Athenian Lawgivers

• Solon
• Athenian leader
• Outlaws debt slavery / frees slaves
• Opened more positions for citizens
• Grants some foreigners citizenship
• Cleisthenes
• created the first democracy!
• Reorganizes the assembly to balance the power of
  the rich and poor Assembly has the power to
  make laws (legislature)
• Created the Council of the 500 (Citizens)
• Council of 500 proposes laws
• 1/5 of Athenians were citizens

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Early Athenian Lawgivers

• Pericles
• Athenian leader
• Believed all male citizens should take part in
  govt.
• Strengthened Greek democracy
• Increased of paid officials
• Paid jurors (Both allowed poorer citizens to
  participate in govt.)
• Develops a direct democracy in Athens (citizens
  rule make laws directly rather than thru
  representatives
• Funeral Oration stressed the rights duties
  of citizenship power rested in the hands not
  of the minority but of the whole people
• Cultural Achievements
• Helps rebuild the Acropolis
• Turns Athens into the cultural center of Greece
• Rules during Greeces Golden Age

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Persian Wars 499 BCE 480 BCE
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Persian Wars Famous Battles

• Marathon (490 BCE)
• 26 miles from Athens messenger runs this to
  announce Persian defeat
• Hand to hand battle
• Athenian victory
• Thermopylae (480 BCE)
• 300 Spartans violently fight vs. Persians in the
  Mountain pass
• Led by Leonidas
• Persian victory
• Salamis (480 BCE)
• Naval battle on the narrow strait of Salamis
• Athenian navy victorious
• Results of the Persian Wars Greeks form an
  alliance (The Delian League) Leads to the rise
  of the Athenian Empire

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Golden Age of Pericles460 BCE 429 BCE
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Great Athenian Philosophers

• Socrates
• Know thyself!
• question everything
• only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.
• Plato
• The Academy
• The world of the FORMS
• The Republic ? philosopher-king

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Great Athenian Philosophers

• Aristotle
• The Lyceum
• Golden Mean everything inmoderation.
• Logic.
• Scientific method.

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Athens The Arts Sciences

• DRAMA (tragedians)
• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Euripides
• THE SCIENCES
• Pythagoras
• Democritus ? all matter made up of
  small atoms.
• Hippocrates ? Father of Medicine

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Phidias Acropolis
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The Acropolis Today
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The Parthenon
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The Agora
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The Classical Greek Ideal
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Olympia
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The Ancient OlympicsAthletes Trainers
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Olympia Temple to Hera
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The 2004 Olympics
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SPARTA
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SPARTA
Helots ? Messenians enslaved by the
Spartans.
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Social Distinctions Citizens vs. Non Citizens

• Sparta

• Athens

• Equal in Status
• Spartans were simple people
• Frugal lifestyle Did not accumulate possessions
• Houses were equally unadorned
• Distinctions were made by military and athletic
  Talent.
• Spartan Boys age of 7yrs
• Trained in military barracks
• Maintained order and stability through highly
  organized military
• Trade and luxuries seen as harmful to their
  purity
• Society maintained by Military values

• Urban-based Aristocracy
• Simple farmers
• Distinction between aristocracy and the commoners
  led to discontent and reform
• Gave commoners More Rights
• Society was maintained by democratic principles
• Only Free male citizens could participate making
  them more equal
• Ironically Divided free men vs. slaves. ( 30
  of Pop made up of slaves)
• Divisions of labor in Athens Personal servants,
  Craftsman
• Slaves held no political rights, nor could they
  serve in the army

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Gender Relations Men and Women

• Sparta

• Athens

• Gender inequality Clearly Defined
• Respectable Athenian women
• Confined to the home
• Ventured outside under the guardianship of slaves
  and servants
• Women in rural areas
• Had more Freedom
• However, Athenian women No political rights,
  could not own property or businesses
• Citizens however could not participate in
  government affairs
• Other Athenian Women ( not upper class)
  Particularly prostitutes
• Did not follow same rules and were considered
  lower in class distinction.

• Women were free and equal to men
• Encouraged to be physical fit as men Produce
  strong and healthy babies
• Wives did not live with husbands ( Men were often
  at war)
• Sparta Run by Women
• While men were on the war front.
• Women maintained the city state and household

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Peloponnesian Wars
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Macedonia Under Philip II
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"Hellenistic" Greece 324 BCE - 100 BCE
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Greats Empire
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Alexander the Great in Persia
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The Hellenization of Asia
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Pergamum A Hellenistic City
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The Economy of the Hellenistic World
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Hellenistic Philosophers

• Cynics ? Diogenes
• ignore social conventions avoid luxuries.
• citizens of the world.
• live a humble, simple life.
• Epicurians ? Epicurus
• avoid pain seek pleasure.
• all excess leads to pain!
• politics should be avoided.

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Hellenistic Philosophers

• Stoics ? Zeno
• nature is the expansion of divine will.
• concept of natural law.
• get involved in politics, not for personal
  gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good
  of all.
• true happiness is found ingreat achievements.

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Hellenism The Arts Sciences

• Scientists / Mathematicians
• Aristarchus ? heliocentric theory.
• Euclid ? geometry
• Archimedes ? pulley
• Hellenistic Art
• More realistic less ideal than Hellenic art.
• Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

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Ptolemaic View of the Universe
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The Breakup of Alexanders Empire
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The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World