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E-PRTR Session 4 Monitoring/Measuring,
calculation and estimation of emissions PART 1
INTRODUCTION Iksan van der Putte
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Accidents chemicals
Minamata -MeHg Bhopal- MIC Seveso-
TCP/Dioxins Basel (Sandoz)- pesticides US/Europe
/World - DES
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SO2, NOx,particulate matter (PM10) LCP Directive
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World Health Organisation 2005
Increase in all-age daily mortality rate
relation with PM10?
Change in pulmonary functionrespiratory effects-
asthmatic
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World Health Organisation 2005
Reduced lung function growth in children also
related to other combustion products ?
Direct effect pulmonary function in asthmatics
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World Health Organisation 2005
Increase in daily mortality
Total cardio-pulmonary and lung cancer mortality
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2005 EC Environment Policy Review (COM (2006) 70)

• Highlights
• Environmental pollution imposes great costs on
  Europe,
• the majority from impacts on health.
• New Findings
• Air pollution currently reduces the average life
  expectancy of Europeans by 9 to 24 months.

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EPER
PRTR
The European Pollutant Release and Transfer
Register (European PRTR) has been adopted on 18
January 2006 and laid down in Regulation (EC) No
166/2006. The PRTR's first edition is expected
to be published in the autumn of 2009 and will
include data for the first reporting year
2007.The European PRTR implements the UNECE PRTR
Protocol, which was signed in May 2003 in Kiev
it further replaces the existing European
Pollutant Emission Register (EPER).
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Example Bulgaria

• RIEW Regional Inspectorate for Environment and
  Water
• MOEW Ministry of Environment and Water
• ExEA Executive Environment Agency EEA
  European Environment Agency

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• What and how to report?
• Reported releases and off-site transfers
• are totals of releases and off-site transfers
  from all
• deliberate,
• accidental,
• routine and
• non-routine
• activities at the site of the facility.

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Measurement/calculation/estimation of releases
and off-site transfers
M measured using standardised or accepted
methods (direct monitoring results) CEN and
ISO C based on internationally accepted
calculation methods (using activity data
(fuel used, production rate, etc.) and emission
factors or mass balances (ETS/IPCC/CORINAIR
) E based on non-standardised estimations
or expert guesses
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M measured using standardised or accepted
methods coded with respective CEN and ISO
standards
C based on internationally accepted
calculation methods coded with ETS (see
Guidelines EU ETS) IPCC (see IPCC
Guidelines) UNECE/EMEP (see EMEP/CORINAIR
Guidebook
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equivalent methodologiesto be coded as
PER in permit prescribed M, C, E method NRB
national or regional binding rule ALT
alternative measurement methodology equivalent
to CEN/ISO CRMequivalent methodology by
Certified Reference Materials according to ISO
17025 and ISO guide 33 with acceptance by
CA MAB mass balance methodology accepted by
CA SSC A European wide sector specific
calculation method delivered to EC, EEA and
relevant int. organisations
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The Importance of Monitoring
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E-PRTR Session 4 Monitoring/Measuring,
calculation and estimation of emissions PART 2
MONITORING Iksan van der Putte
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WHY MONITOR

• The IPPC Directive requires all Emission Limit
  Values (ELVs)
• in permits to be based on the application of
  Best Available
• Techniques (BAT).
• Monitoring the performance of these BAT-based
  techniques
• May be necessary for two main reasons
• to check that the emissions are within ELVs, e.g.
  
• compliance assessment
• to establish the contribution of a particular
  installation
• to environmental pollution in general, e.g.
  periodic
• environmental reporting to the competent
  authorities.
• (ref. E-PRTR)
• Other reasons

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Who monitors
Compliance monitoring can be carried out by
competent authorities, operators, or by
third-party contractors acting on their behalf.
Both the authorities and operators are
increasingly making use of external contractors
to undertake monitoring work on their behalf.
However, even when using contractors the
ultimate responsibility for the monitoring and
its quality remains with the relevant authority
or operator and cannot be contracted out.
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Who monitors
It is the responsibility of the competent
authority to establish and set appropriate
quality requirements, and to consider a range of
safeguards. For the purpose of compliance
assessment use of the following is good
practice _ standard methods of measurement,
where available _ certified instruments _
certification of personnel _ accredited
laboratories.
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What and How to monitor

• In principle there are various approaches that
  can
• be taken to monitor a parameter, although some of
  
• them may not be appropriate for particular
  applications
• direct measurements
• surrogate parameters
• mass balances
• other calculations
• emission factors.

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What and How to monitor
Direct measurements (a) continuous
monitoring fixed in-situ (or in-line) continuous
reading instruments (NB regular
maintenance/calibration) fixed on-line (or
extractive) continuous reading instruments (NB
pre-treatment). (b) discontinuous
monitoring. Portable instruments laboratory
analysis of samples taken by fixed, in-situ
samplers, laboratory analysis of spot samples.
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What and How to monitor

• Surrogate parameters
• quantitative surrogates
• total VOC instead of the individual components
• calculation of the waste gas concentration from
• the composition and throughput of fuel, raw
  materials and
• additives and from the flow rates
• continuous dust measurements as a good indication
  
• for heavy metal emissions

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What and How to monitor
Mass balance method
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Calculations Fuel analysis emission
calculation E Q x C/100 x (MW/EW) x T Where E
Annual load of the chemical species emitted
(kg/yr) Q Fuel mass flow rate (kg/h) C
Concentration of the elemental pollutant in fuel
(wt) MW Molecular weight of the chemical
species emitted (kg/kg-mole) EW Elemental
weight of the pollutant in fuel (kg/kg-mole) T
Operating hours (h/yr)
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Emission factors Emission Rate Emission Factor
x Activity Data (mass per time) (mass per unit of
throughput) (throughput per time)
Emission factors are obtained from European and
American sources (e.g. EPA 42, CORINAIR,UNICE,
OECD) and are usually expressed as the weight of
a substance emitted divided by the unit weight,
volume, distance, or duration of the activity
emitting the substance (e.g. kilograms of sulphur
dioxide emitted per tonne of fuel burned).
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C for example Corinair
Tier 1 a method using readily available
statistical data on the intensity of
processes (activity rates) and default emission
factors. These emission factors assume a linear
relation between the intensity of the process and
the resulting emissions. The Tier 1 default
emission factors also assume an average or
typical process description. Tier 2 is similar
to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors
developed on the basis of knowledge of the types
of processes and specific process conditions that
apply in the country for which the inventory is
being developed. Tier 3 is any method that goes
beyond the above methods. These might include
the use of more detailed activity information,
specific abatement strategies or other relevant
technical information.
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Corinair default emission factorsTier 1 (small
combustion installations)
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Corinair emission factorsTier 2
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How to express ELVs and monitoring results

• There is a relationship between the way ELVs are
  expressed
• and the objective for monitoring these emissions.
• The following types of units can be applied,
  either singly or
• in combination
• _ concentration units (mg/m3)
• _ units of load over time (kg/s)
• _ specific units and emission factors (kg/t of
  product)
• _ thermal effect units (temperature)
• _ other emission value units (m/s exhaust gas)
• _ normalised units (ref. oxygen conc.)

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Monitoring timing considerations

• time when samples and/or measurements are taken
• (depend on plant processing conditions)
• - averaging time (hourly, daily, yearly)
• frequency (e.g. from one sample/year to on-line
  measurements
• covering 24 hours/day and it is generally divided
  into
• continuous and discontinuous monitoring)
• In general, the description of the ELV in the
  permit
• (in terms of e.g. total amount and peaks), is
• the basis to set up the monitoring timing
  requirements.
• These requirements and associated
• compliance monitoring must be clearly defined and
  indicated in
• the permit so as to avoid ambiguity.

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The time when samples are taken is not important
since the results are very similar irrespective
of when the samples are taken (i.e. in the
morning, on Thursdays, etc.). The averaging time
is also not so important since whatever time we
choose (e.g. half-hour, 2 hours, etc.) the mean
values are also very similar. The frequency could
therefore be discontinuous because the results
would be very similar
Whether the ELV should focus on the peaks or on
the total amount depends entirely on the
nature/potential hazard of the emissions. If
harmful effects can occur due to
short-term pollutant impacts then it is important
to control the peaks rather than the cumulative
load. A very short averaging time is used for
controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging
time for controlling the total amount. A high
frequency for controlling the peaks is better
(continuous monitoring)
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Process 3 represents a typical example of a
cyclic or a batch process. The time when samples
are taken and the averaging time can be
restricted to the periods when the batch process
is in operation. The frequency could be either
discontinuous or continuous
Again, the nature/potential hazard of the
emissions will dictate whether an ELV is to be
set for the peaks or for the total amount of
emissions. In this case, the time when samples
are taken is very important because, due to
the variability of the process, samples taken at
different times can give very different
results. A very short averaging time is used for
controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging
time is used for controlling the total amount. In
either case a high frequency (e.g. continuous)
is likely to be necessary, since a
lower frequency is likely to produce non-reliable
results
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MONITORING Important role for quality
requirements/
DATA VERIFICATION/Validation/Management