NTUT Academic Writing: Logical Orders II

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• NTUT Academic Writing Logical Orders (II)
• Comparison Contrast
• Cause Effect

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Comparison Structure Words
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Examples

• 1. Human workers can detect malfunctions in
• machinery likewise/similarly, a robot
  can
• be programmed to detect equipment
• malfunctions.
• 2. Robots and human workers are alike
• (similar) because they can both detect
• malfunctions in machinery.
• 3. Robots, like/just like/similar to human
• works, can detect malfunctions in
• machinery.
• 4. Robots are similar to/are the same as
• human workers because they can both
• detect malfunctions in machinery.

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Test Yourselves Writing Comparison Sentences

• 1. The United States operates under a two party
  system. Great Britain operates under a two-party
  system.
• 2. The British Parliament has two separate
  houses, the House of Commons and the House of
  Lords. The United States Congress has two
  separate houses, the Senate and the House of
  Representatives.
• 3. (the same) The method of choosing cabinet
  members in the United States. The method of
  choosing cabinet members in Great Britain.
• 4. (just as) The members of the U.S. House of
  Representatives are elected be district. The
  members of the British House of Commons are
  elected by district.
• 5. The British monarch has the right to veto any
  law passed by Parliament. The U.S. president has
  the right to veto any law passed by the Congress.

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Contrast Structure Words-- Concession (unexpected
result)
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Examples

• 1. It began to rain
• however/nevertheless/nontheless/still,
  we
• continued our hike.
• 2. We continued our hike although/even
• though/though it began to rain.
• 3. It began to rain, but/yet we continued our
  hike.
• 4. Despite/In spite of the rain, we continued our
  
• hike.

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Contrast Structure Words-- Direct Opposition
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Examples

• 1. The term rock music commonly refers to music
  styles after 1959 that were influenced primarily
  by white musicians however/in contrast/in
  comparison/on the other hand, rhythm-and-blues
  music styles were influenced primarily by black
  musicians.
• 2. Early rock music differs from later styles in
  that later styles make use of electronics to
  produce new sounds.
• 3. Compared to/Compared with earlier rock styles,
  later styles have a harder sound.
• 4. The punk, rap, grunge, and techno styles of
  the 90s are very different from/dissimilar
  to/unlike the rock music played by Elvis Presley
  in the 50s, but they have the same roots.

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Test Yourselves Writing Contrast Sentences

• 1. The government of the United States/ the
  government of Great Britain/dissimilar in several
  aspects.
• 2. The chief executive in Great Britain is called
  the prime minister. The chief executive in the
  United States is called the president.
• 3. In the United States, the president fulfills
  the functions of both political leader and head
  of state. These two functions are separate in
  Great Britain.
• 4. The United States has a written constitution.
  Great Britain has no written constitution.
• 5. The members of the U.S. Senate are elected.
  The members of the British House of Lords are
  appointed or inherit their positions.

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Organization for Comparison Contrast Order

• A. Block Organization
• Discussion of similarities and
• differences in respective paragraphs.
• (read the following article)
• B. Point-by-point Organization
• A sentence-by-sentence comparison
• of features in any order order of
• importance might be employed.

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Block Organization
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Point-by-Point Organization
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Before We Read the 1st Long Article

• 1. Where are paragraphs devoted to
• the discussion of similarities and
• differences, respectively?
• 2. What is the function of the 4th
• paragraph?
• 3. Does this article follow point-by-point
• or block organization?

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Comparison Contrast Essay
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(No Transcript)
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Cause Structure Words
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Examples

• 1. In the 80s and 90s, the U.S. government passed
  new immigration laws, for many people were
  concerned about illegal immigration.
• 2. Because/Since/As most illegal immigrants enter
  the U.S. seeking employment, a 1986 law tried to
  counteract this by fining employers hiring
  illegal immigrants.
• 3. Not only illegal but also legal immigrants
  felt the effects of/consequences of the 1996 law.
  
• 4. As a result of/As a consequence of this law,
  legal immigrants who had not become U.S. citizens
  were no longer eligible for certain benefits.

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Effect Structure Words
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Examples

• 1. The 1996 law eliminated many benefits for
  legal immigrants who had not become citizens
  thus/consequence/hence, most of them applied for
  citizenship.
• 2. The new law also had an effect on/affected
  students and businesspeople wih visas who
  overstayed their visa time limit.
• 3. Overstaying a visa became a cause of/a reason
  for being barred from the United States fro three
  or more years.

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Identify Causes Effects and Combine the
Sentences

• 1. Heat energy is carried by electrons. Metals
  have many free-moving electrons. Metals are good
  conductors of heat.
• 2. Some businesses have flexible working hours.
  Productivity has increased. Absenteeism has
  declined.
• 3. Weather around the world changes. During an El
  Niño, the jet stream blows in a different
  pattern.
• 4. The saltiest water is found at the bottom of
  the ocean. Salt water, being denser than fresh
  water, sinks.

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Organization for Cause Effect Order

• A. Block organization
• Discusses all the causes and effects in
• respective blocks. Usually (though not
• always necessary) contains a transition
• paragraph between cause paragraphs and
• effect paragraphs.
• B. Chain Organization
• Discusses the paired causes and
• effects in the order of importance
• and relatedness.

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Before we proceed to the sample paragraph, take
note of the following questions.

• 1. What causes the days to grow shorter?
• 2. What is the effect of shorter days?
• 3. What other change results from a decrease in
  the amount of daylight?
• 4. What is the final result?

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Chain organization
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Examine the following questions (block org)

• 1. What is the function of the paragraph that
  begins on line 29?
• 2. Does the thesis statement list both causes and
  effects, or just causes?
• 3. Does the conclusion review both causes and
  effects, or just effects?

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Sample Essay in Accordance with block Organization
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(No Transcript)
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