Islam

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Islam
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Location of Islam

• Islam is mainly located in the Arabian Peninsula.
  This is the home of the Arabs and the Arabs are
  related to the Israelites, Phoenicans, chaldeans.
  The Arabs where nomadic herders that traveled
  from place to place and eventually settled around
  an oasis called Makkah (mecca). This was a
  trading city that traded weapons, dates, grain,
  spices, jewels , silk and perfumes.

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Changes in Mecca

• Businesses developed and tribal rule started to
  fade away. The Arabs had a language but lacked
  unity among themselves. The arabs became
  dissatified with their religion and turned to a
  monotheistic belief know as Islam-submission to
  the will of Allah (God).

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Muhammad

• He was born in makkah in 570 A.D. He claims to
  have received a vision from Allah in 610 to
  become an apostlr of Allah. He preached a message
  that evil doers would be punished and the just
  would be rewarded. The people in Makkah rejected
  his message. The people did not want to change to
  worshiping one god it was very profitable when
  the people would come to Makkah and worship the
  many gods. Muhammad and his family left Makkah do
  to threats and went to yathrib . This journey was
  known as Hijrah- emigration. This happened in 622
  the first year of the Muslim calander. Followers
  of Muhammad are Muslims

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Yathrib

• Yathrib accepted Muhammad as the prophet from God
  and the town became knows as Madinat al-nabi
  (madinah)- the city of the prophet.He created the
  islamic community.He created the Madinah compact
  624- that all muslims were to place loyality to
  the islamic community. Due to this oath of
  loyality all areas of life were under the law of
  Muhammad. Later Makkah attacks Yathrib and the
  muslims defeat Makkah and all of makkah come
  under Islam. The Islamic bible was called Quran.
  Each year each muslim would make a trip to makkah
  called a hajj
• Muhammad died at Madinah 632. And did not come
  back to life.

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Islam and its spread

• After his death a group of Muslims chose a leader
  Khalifah- (caliph) meaning successor. The first
  four leaders followed Mahammad beliefs so they
  are called the rightly guided caliphs. The
  rightly guided with the military helped the
  spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula.
  The arabs by 661 had reduced the Byzantine empire
  greatly. Islam spread to India, China, North
  Africa, Spain , France-but were pushed back by
  Christian franks.

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Trouble in Islam

• The fourth leader of Islam Ali in 661was stabbed
  by a follower. The successor Muawiyah took over
  and created the Umayyad dynasty.The followers of
  Ali were called the Shiite and never accepted
  Muawiyah rule and followed Alis son Husayn.
  Husayn was killed by Muawiyah. There became a
  division in Islam two groups emergeD Sunni-
  followers of the way Muhammad. They believe the
  caliph can be any Muslim who is accepted by the
  people. The Shiite live in Iraq and Iran they
  believe that the Caliph are only descendants of
  Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and husband
  Ali

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Umayyads dynasty

• Ruled from 661 to 750 they moved the capital to
  Damascus, Syria. Under the Umayyads built roads,
  made postal routes, improved conditions for the
  Jews and non-Greek Christians, they paid a
  special tax but were treated ok do to their
  belief in one God.

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Abbasids dynasty

• Non-arab muslims were treated unfairly. They paid
  higher taxes and received lower pay. This group
  revolted against the Umayyads and overtook them
  and created the Abbasids dynasty and built a new
  city called Bagdad. The caliph named Harun-al
  rashid became the great ruler of this dynasty.
  The empire broke apart and Persian muslims set up
  their own Dynasty called Samanid. Another dynasty
  was created out of Egypt called Fatimids and took
  over most of North Africa.

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Life under Islam

• The quran told male they are responsible for men.
  A womans position was a wife, mother, daughter,
  or sister. Wome had complete control of their
  property.

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• A wife must neither receive male strangers nor
  accept gifts from them without her husband's
  approval.
• 2. A husband has the legal right to restrict his
  wife's freedom of movement. He may prevent her
  from leaving her home without his permission
  unless there is a necessity or legitimate reason
  for her to do otherwise. However, it is his
  religious obligation to be compassionate and not
  to unreasonably restrict her freedom of movement.
  If there arises a conflict between this right of
  the husband and the rights of the wife's parents
  to visit her and be visited by her, the husband's
  right prevails in the wider interest of the
  family. Yet the Shari'ah recommends that he be
  considerate enough to waive his rights to avoid
  shame within the family.
• 3. A refractory wife has no legal right to object
  to her husband exercising his disciplinary
  authority. Islamic law, in common with most other
  systems of law, recognizes the husband's right to
  discipline his wife for disobedience.
• 4. The wife may not legally object to the
  husband's right to take another wife or to
  exercise his right of divorce. The marital
  contract establishes her implicit consent to
  these rights. However, if she wishes to restrict
  his freedom in this regard or to have similar
  rights, she is legally allowed to do so. She may
  stipulate in the marital agreement that she too
  will have the right to divorce or that she will
  keep the marriage bond only so long as she
  remains the only wife. Should he take a second
  wife, she will have the right to seek a divorce
  in accordance with the marriage agreement.

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Lowering the eyes

• Because the desire to have sexual relationships
  originates with the look that one person gives
  another, Islam prohibits a person from casting
  amorous glances towards another. This is the
  principle of ghadd al-basar (lowering the eyes).
  Since it is impossible for people to have their
  eyes fixed constantly to the ground and
  inconceivable that a man will never see a woman
  or a woman will never see a man, Islam absolves
  from blame the first chance look, but prohibits
  one from casting a second look or continuing to
  stare at a face which one finds attractive at
  first sight.

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Treatment of women

• "The Messenger of Allah cursed women who
  tattooed, and those who got themselves tattooed,
  those who engaged in sharpening the teeth (as a
  mark of beauty) and those who had their teeth
  sharpened." (Bukhari and Muslim)
• "The Messenger of Allah cursed the women who
  plucked hair and those who were employed to pluck
  the eyebrows."
• "It is not lawful for any woman who believes in
  Allah and the Last Day that she should uncover
  her hand more than this and then he placed his
  hand on his wrist joint. "When a woman reaches
  puberty no part of her body should remain
  uncovered except her face and the hand up to the
  wrist joint."
• "The one who touches the hand of a woman without
  having a lawful relationship with her, will have
  an ember placed on his palm on the Day of
  Judgment.
• "Those women who seem naked even when dressed and
  those who walk flirtingly and those who plait
  their heads like the humps of camels, thus
  inviting people's attention, will not enter
  Paradise nor will they smell its fragrance even
  though its fragrance can be smelt from a very
  long distance."

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Treatment of women

• Quotes from the "Holy" Quran on Women
• II/223 Your women are a tilth for you (to
  cultivate). So go to your tilth as ye will...
• Here you can clearly see how highly Islam treats
  women. Women in Islam are referred to as fields
  that are to be cultivated by man. What an honour
  for a Muslim woman!
• IV/34 Men are in charge of women, because Allah
  hath made the one of them to excel the other.. As
  for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish
  them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge
  them.
• First point to notice here is that Quran clearly
  states that Men are superior to women. Secondly,
  Islam instructs that a man should control his
  women through brutal violence and fear.
• IV/15 (For women) If any one of your women is
  guilty of lewdness ...confine them until death
  claims them.
• IV/16 (For Men) If two men among you commit
  indecency (sodomy) punish them both. If they
  repent and mend their ways, let them be. Allah is
  forgiving and merciful.
• As you can see, for women any sort of sexual
  exploration is punishable by death. Whereas for a
  man, any form of perversion is pardoned by the
  all merciful Allah.
• XXIV/6-7 As for those who accuse their wives but
  have no witnesses except themselves , let the
  testimony of one of them be four testimonies...
• Here we see, that a husband can easily accuse his
  wife (or wives) and eventually sentence her to
  death by merely declaring four times that the
  accusation is true. On the other hand, women have
  no such right in Islam.

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Dome of the rock
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Madinah
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