Early Civilization in India

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Early Civilization in India

• Subcontinent, isolated by Hindu Kush mountains
  and Himalayan mountains
• Ganges River Valley, just south of Himalayas
  one of the most important regions of Indian
  culture
• Indus River Valley, in west relatively dry and
  runs through Pakistan
• Deccan Plateau South India
• Monsoons most important feature of Indian
  climate

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Indus Valley Civilizations

• Earliest civilizations in India developed in this
  area
• Tow major cities Mohenjo-Daro Harappa
• Each city had about 35,000 people and were
  carefully planned out
• Harrapan rulers based power on divine assistance
• Harrapan economy depended on agriculture wheat
  barley, and peas
• Traded extensively with Mesopotamia
• Much of the trade was through the Persian Gulf

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Mohenjaro-Daro Ruins
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Aryans

• Aryans nomadic Indo-European people living in
  central Asia moved south through Hindu Kush
  mountains and eventually conquered all of India
• Created a new Indian society
• As nomads did not have written language, so
  developed Sanskrit to write down religious
  items
• Developed Agriculture
• Ruled by Rajas Aryan leaders that dominated
  India

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Caste System

• Rigid hierarchical class system that determined a
  persons occupation, economic potential, and
  social status
• 5 major classes
• 1 Brahmans priestly class
• 2 Kshatriyas warriors
• 3 Vaisyas commoners, merchants
• 4 Sudras did manual labor, most of
  population, rights were limited
• 5 Untouchables performed jobs considered to
  be degrading, 5 of society, not considered human

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High and Low In the Caste System

Brahman
Untouchable
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Hinduism

• Combined Aryan religious beliefs and Indian
  cultures
• Believe in ultimate reality called Brahman
• Individual self, atman, had the duty to know his
  reality and then would merge with the Brahman
  after death
• Reincarnation after death, soul would be reborn
  into a different form
• Karma people actions determine their form of
  rebirth
• Dharma divine law requiring people to do duties

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Hinduism

• Reincarnation provided religious justification
  for the Caste System gave hope to move up
• Has more than 33,000 duties
• 3 chief gods Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the
  Preserver, Siva the destroyer
• Yoga developed to achieve oneness with god,
  supposed to be a dreamless sleep
• Hindus seek salvation through devotion at a
  temple to honor gods and get the ordinary things
  of life

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Hindu Trinity Brahma, Siva, Vishnu
Vishnu
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Lord Brahma
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Siva
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Buddhism

• Appeared in north India in 6th century B.C.
• Founder was Siddartha Gautama Buddha
  Enlightened One
• Tried ascetism and self denial
• Reached nirvana under Bodhi tree
• Consists of the 4 Noble Truths and the way of
  reaching them is by the Eightfold Path
• Accepted reincarnation but resisted Caste System
• Followers spread message through India after
  death
• First missionary religion

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Buddha Follow the Eightfold Path To Reach the
Four Noble Truths
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Buddhism Stimulated Architecture, Painting
and Sculpture
Buddhist Stupas
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Buddhist Monks and The Wheel of Life

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Review
1. Venn diagram comparing Buddhism and Hinduism
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Mauryan Dynasty

• Chandragupta Maurya founded the new Indian state
• Highly centralized empire with provinces that
  were ruled by governors
• Large army and secret police
• Flourished under Asoka Mauryas grandson
• Asoka greatest Indian ruler, converted to
  Buddhism and governed with Buddhist ideals,
  kindness was legendary, set up hospitals for
  people and animals, shelter for travelers
• India flourished economically under Asoka, became
  important crossroads from Pacific Rim to SW Asia
  to Mediterranean Sea

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Chandragupta Maurya
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There is no better work than promoting the
welfare of the world. Whatever be my great deeds,
I have done them in order to discharge my debt to
all beings."
Asoka
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Asoka Pillar Four Lions to Guard The Four
Directions of His Empire Sitting on a Buddhist
Wheel of Fortune
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Kushan Kingdom

• 1st century AD, nomadic warriors developed
  kingdom in modern day Afghanistan
• Prospered through trade that ran through their
  country
• Silk Road 4,000 mile trade route between China
  and Roman Empire
• Luxury items were only things traded due to
  expense of camel caravans
• Chinese merchants traded silk, spices, tea,
  porcelain
• Indian merchants traded ivory, jewels, textiles

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Kushan Kingdom

• Romans traded glass, jewels, clothes
• Persian invaders ended the Kushan Kingdom in 3rd
  century B.C.

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Gupta Kingdom

• Chandragupta established kingdom in 320 b.c.
• Samudragupta expanded the empire, famous for
  physique and exploits in war
• Became dominant political force in northern India
• Chandragupta II (greatest ruler) established new
  age of Indian civilization
• Prospered mainly from mining, farming, and trade
• Gupta cities famous for temples and religious
  centers
• Later stages, Gupta rulers lived lavishly and
  lost respect of people/Nomadic Huns weakened
  empire

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Famous Gupta Rulers
Chandragupta I
Samudragupta
Chandragupta II
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Indian Religious Architecture Pillars, Stupas
and Rock Chambers
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Gupta Achievements
Aryabhata



Kalidasa
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Review
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Chinese Geography

• Huang He(Yellow river) and Yangzte River
  valleys that is one greatest food producing areas
  of ancient world
• Huang He empties into Yellow Sea
• Huang He 2,900 miles long
• Yangtze 3,400 miles long
• only 12 of China can be used for agriculture,
  mountains and deserts cover most land surface
• Physical features isolated China from the rest of
  the world

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Huang He (Yellow River)
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Shang Dynasty

• First dynasty Xia
• Pan Gu founded Xia, giant hatched from egg of
  chaos
• No records of Xia
• Shang replaced Xia(1750-1122bc)
• Shang farming society who was ruled by
  aristocracy
• King ruled over a system of territories, strong
  central government
• Ancestor worship through oracle bones

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Shang Dynasty
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Shang Dynasty

• Priest heated bones until they cracked and then
  interpreted their meanings
• Chinese believed strongly in life after death
• Ancestor worship belief that spirits of
  ancestors could bring good or bad fortune
• Most of Shang peasants/ there small groups of
  artisans and merchants

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Pan Gu the Creator Born From The Egg of Chaos

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Zhou Dynasty

• Lasted 800 years 1045 bc to 256 bc
• Longest lasting Chinese dynasty
• King claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven where
  the king was the link between heaven and earth
• King was expected to rule wisely in order to keep
  the gods pleased in order to prevent disasters
  dao
• King could do what he needed to keep order in the
  universe
• Peasants worked on lands owned by their lords
• Zhou trade salt, iron, cloth, and luxury items

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Zhou Dynasty

• For centuries Zhou was ruled by wise rulers
• Kingdom was divided into several small
  territories
• Civil war between territories broke out became
  known as Period of the Warring States
• Chinese developed new war methods cavalry,
  chariots, and crossbow
• Filial Piety refers to the duty of family
  members to subordinate to the male head of the
  family older generations important confucian
  concept

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Zhou Military Advances
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Chinese Calligraphy

• No alphabet in China
• It is a system where symbols represent concepts
• Should know at least 3,000 character to be able
  to understand newspapers
• 6,000 characters are essential in every day use
• Dictionary could have 40,000-50,000 characters

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Confucius/Confucianism

• Great Chinese philosopher, born in the state of
  Lu/ 500s b.c.
• Father was district commander of Lu/died three
  years after Confucius birth
• Family was left in poverty
• Confucius still received fine education due to
  friends of his father
• Married at the age of 19, one son, 2 daughters

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Confucius

• Immediately after marriage he was forced to do
  small jobs for money due to poverty
• Mother died in 527 b.c./went through a period of
  mourning and decided to become a teacher
• traveled about instructing small amounts of his
  disciples
• came up with many theories and taught people the
  power of example

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Confucius
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Confucius Tomb
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1 The Master said "Love makes a spot beautiful
who chooses not to dwell in love, has he got
wisdom?" 2 The Master said "Loveless men
cannot bear need long, they cannot bear fortune
long. Loving hearts find peace in love clever
heads find profit in it." 3 The Master said
"Love can alone love others, or hate others." 4
The Master said "A heart set on love will do no
wrong." 5 The Master said "Wealth and honors
are what men desire but abide not in them by
help of wrong. Lowliness and want are hated of
men but forsake them not by help of wrong.
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Daoism

• System of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi
• Laozi was understudy of Confucius
• Ideas were popular in the 4th 5th century
• Teachings are not concerned with the universe but
  instead of the action of people
• Way to follow the Dao is by inaction and not
  actionJust live and let things happen to you
• People should act spontaneously and let nature
  take its course

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Laozi
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Legalism

• Proposed the idea that human beings were evil by
  nature
• Only way to get humans on the right path was with
  stiff penalties and tough laws
• Believed it was important to have a strong ruler
  who imposed harsh rules
• A ruler was not to be compassionate towards his
  subjects
• Goal was to force people to be obedient through
  fear

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Naturalism

• Dualism of nature -yin/yang - balance is
  inevitable
• Combined Dao simplicity and Confucian formalism

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Tour De France Peloton
REVIEW
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Qin Dynasty

• Established by Qin Shihuangdi in 221 bc
• Adopted Legalism
• Opponents of regime were imprisoned or executed,
  burned books, executed scholars
• Built Great Wall for protection - keep out
  Xiongnu cavalry
• Qin unified Chinese world by creating monetary
  system and a road system
• Extended empire into modern day Vietnam

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Qin Shihuangdi


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CHINA/great wall

• Through its entire history, China has tried to
  keep out foreign invaders
• In many directions, enemies were held out by
  natural barriersSeas, mountains, deserts
• Great Wall of China was built to keep out
  invaders from the north
• Built 2,200 years ago/4,000 miles long/runs from
  the yellow sea to the deserts of the west

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The Great Wall of China
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Han Dynasty

• One of Chinas greatest dyansties
• Founded by Liu Bangfrom peasant origin
• Adopted Confucianism
• Kept Qin political divisions and merit system,
  leaders chosen by merit and not birth
• Han Wudi added land to China in the south as far
  as South China Sea
• Over time, Han rulers too concerned with pleasure
  and corruption led to downfall in ad 220
• Next dynasty was not established for over 400
  years

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Liu Bang Han Gaozu Founder of The Han
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Mandarins Were Exempt From the Law, Labor and
Taxes
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Han Wudi
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Qin Han Achievements

• Paper, block printing, gunpowder, silk, compass,
  casting of bronze and iron/steel
• Invention of rudder and fore and aft rigging made
  sailing into wind possible for the first time
  increasing trade
• Known for cultural achievements chinese school
  children learned the norms of proper behavior
  from these texts
• Terra Cotta warriors most significant artistic
  discovery, replicas of Qin Shihuangdis imperial
  guard to accompany him to the next world

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Chinese Achievements
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Qin Shihuangdis Tomb
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Here Come the Irish