Islam

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Islam

• Arabic-Hebrew words built on a three letter root
• S l m islam, muslim
• Islam complete trust of and surrender
• Muslim the person who submits

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Muslims

• can be born into a Muslim family or community
• can convert by confessing Shahadah (not baptism,
  not circumcision, i.e. actions)
• There is no god but God and Muhammad is his
  messenger

3
Muslim vs. Arab

• Muslim does not equal Arab
• 80 of Muslims are NOT Arab
• Muslims in Arab world, but also Turkey, India,
  Pakistan, Indonesia, Europe, Africa, US,
  Canada

4
Muslim vs. Arab

• Arab does not equal Muslim
• Arabs can be Jewish, Christian, Muslim,
  Zoroastrian, Atheist
• 10 Arabs not Muslim
• Arab language/geography

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Origins of Islam

• Abraham
• Sarah
• Hagar
• Ishmael Isaac
• Ishmaelites in Arabia

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Arabian Religion and Society
pre-6th century CE

• Henotheistic Allah greatest of the Gods
• Jews and Christians in Arabia (hanif)

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Arabian Religion and Society
pre-6th century CE

• Three daughters of Allah, worshiped at Kabah
  site of pilgrimages
• A black stone of mysterious origins

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Arabian Religion and Society
pre-6th century CE

• No afterlife fear of death
• Arab social values family and male honour,
  hospitality, defence of the socially defenceless
• Warlords and tribal loyalty

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Arabian Religion and Society
6th century CE

• Mecca capital of Arabia

• religious centre
• Kabah, pilgrimages
• political centre
• Home of the Quraysh Tribe
• economic centre
• trade routes and markets

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Theological Constructions
pre-6th century CE

• Jahiliyya Time of the Ignorance
• Theological construction of the past
• Muslims
• Christians

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Life of Muhammad
6th century CE

• 570 CE born a Qurayshi
• Raised by uncle, Abu Talib
• Married Khadijah at 25 (c. 595 CE)

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Life of Muhammad
7th century CE

• c. 610 CE Night of Power
• Month of Ramadan
• Mt. Hira
• Recite!
• Quran recitation

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Life of Muhammad
7th century CE

• Muhammad began his work in Mecca
• social and religious reform
• idol worship and polytheism
• care for the poor
• assist the oppressed
• give alms

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Life of Muhammad
7th century CE

• Direct challenge to the elite, wealthy, powerful
  of Mecca
• Lots of enemies, a few supporters
• Khadijah (wife), Abu Bakr (close friend), Zayd
  (manumitted slave), Ali (cousin)

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Life of Muhammad
7th century CE

• 619 CE both Khadijah and Abu Talib (uncle) die
• Support/protection system collapses
• 622 CE invitation from Yathrib (later renamed
  Medina)

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Life of Muhammad
7th century CE

• Hijra flight from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina
• Becomes the start date of Islam (Anno Hijra)
• New Year was on Dec 29, 2008 1430

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Life of Muhammad
7th century CE

• Ummah
• Focus on Mecca
• Battle of Badr in 624 CE
• Battle at Uhud in 625 CE
• 630 CE Mecca surrenders
• 632 CE Muhammad dies in Medina
• Mecca and Medina are Muslim

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Caliphate
7th century CE

• Khalifah steward, Caliph
• Imam prayer leader
• Rightly Guided Caliphs

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Caliphate
7th century CE

• 1st Caliph Abu Bakr
• 632-34 CE
• Brings stability
• establishes Islam throughout Arabia

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Caliphate
7th century CE

• 2nd Caliph Umar
• 634-44 CE
• appointed by Abu Bakr
• extends Islam into the Middle East
• captures Jerusalem in 637 CE
• establishes tradition of just treatment of Jews
  and Christians
• killed by a Persian slave

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Caliphate
7th century CE

• 3rd Caliph Uthman
• 644-56 CE
• elected by a committee established by Umar
• Takes Islam into Asia Minor (Turkey) and North
  Africa
• Oversees creation of the Quran.
• Assassinated in a coup

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Caliphate
7th century CE

• 4th Caliph Ali (cousin and son-in-law of
  Muhammad)
• 656-61 CE
• battle with Muawiyah at Siffin (657 CE)
• Assassinated by a Kharijite

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Islam Splits
7th century CE

• Hasan (Alis son) powerless
• Loses Caliphate to Muawiyah
• Rise of the Umayyad tribe
• Skirmishes between supporters of Ali and Umayyads

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Islam Splits
7th century CE

• Battle of Karbala in 680 Husayn (Alis last
  surviving son) vs Yazid
• Shiat Ali Party of Ali Shia / Shiite
• Umayyad Dynasty represent Sunni

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Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 CE

• Islam spreads to
• Spain in the West
• Iran and Pakistan in the East
• Stopped from taking France in 732
• 691 CE Dome of the Rock on the Temple mount in
  Jerusalem was built

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Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 CE

• Damascus -- Umayyad capital
• Islam spreads by military expansion, trade, and
  teachings

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Abbasid Dynasty 750 -1258

• Abbasids competing clan
• Massacred Umayyads in 750, took control
• Establish Baghdad as capital

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Abbasid Dynasty 750 -1258

• Height of Abbasid Dynasty 800s
• Height of Muslim culture and learning
  political, legal, philosophical, theological,
  scientific, mathematical

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Islam in Crisis
13th century CE

• Fatimid / Seljuq mini-empires
• Abbasid Dynasty seen as Golden Age (esp. 750-950
  CE)
• Genghis Khan
• 13th century
• Mongols

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Islam in Crisis
16th century CE

• Mongols converted Three Empires (1500s - )
• Mughal Empire in India and east
• Safavid Empire in Iran
• Ottoman Empire in Turkey and Eastern Europe

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East and West

• Crusades Catholic West vs. Muslim East
• Both sides come away with skewed ideas of the
  other
• Islam
• period of conservativism
• The West
• period of scientific and intellectual growth
• Renaissance and Enlightenment

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Political Islam
20th century CE

• Islamism
• Founding of Pakistan
• Afghan war against Russia
• Palestine/Israel Conflict