Introduction to Unix CS 21

1
Introduction to Unix CS 21

• Lecture 16

2
Lecture Overview

• LaTeX
• History
• Running and creating LaTeX documents
• Documents and Articles
• Tables
• Lists
• Fonts
• Math mode

3
LaTeX What Is It?

• A general markup language
• LaTeX is a system that describes how documents
  should appear on paper
• Formatting
• Margins
• Section Headings
• Special characters

4
Other Examples Of Markup Languages

• HTML
• Hypertext markup language
• Used to describe how web pages appear
• A little bit of interpretation is still required
  and pages may look different on different
  browsers
• SGML
• Allows for the construction of special constructs

5
Where Did It Come From?

• TeX
• 1977 Donald Knuth
• Low level formatting details
• Constructed to make mathematical books look good
• LaTeX
• 1980s Leslie Lamport
• A layer of abstraction on top of TeX

6
Why Not Just Use Word?

• Main reason Bugs
• TeX has long had a bounty for serious bugs that
  no one can collect on
• Secondary reason
• LaTeX does what you tell it to
• LaTeX doesnt try to out-think you and put
  figures where it believes them to be best

7
O.K., How Does Latex Work?

• Latex works on plain text files that are
  annotated with commands
• Commands are of the form \commandparameter
• Example \documentclassarticle
• Document class tells LaTeX what type of document
  you are creating
• Books have chapters, articles have sections, etc.
• Most common article, book, letter, report, slides

8
Whats With The Braces?

• LaTeX uses the braces for grouping like
  parenthesis
• text is the same as simply text
• Commands inside braces (like changing fonts) only
  apply inside the braces
• Example
• \sf This is in a serif font And this is not

9
What Does A LaTeX File Look Like?
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How Do I Get A Printable Paper Out?

• Usage latex document.tex
• This creates several files
• document.aux, document.log, document.dvi
• document.idx, document.toc, document.lof
• xdvi document.dvi
• Views the document
• dvips o document.ps document.dvi

11
Example LaTeX Run
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What To Do When Something Goes Wrong

• Latex will pop up with an error message whenever
  it encounters a problem
• Malformed or unknown command
• Simplest thing to do Simply hit return and
  ignore whatever command LaTeX had problems with
• Alternative type I followed by the correct
  command to replace the problem
• Example I\enddocument

13
Sample Run With Problems
14
Example Latex File
15
Example Output

• dvi1.JPG

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What Are Comments Doing In A Document?

• Might seem a little weird coming from using Word
• LaTeX can define new commands and can be
  confusing at times
• LaTeX is not a programming language like perl or
  awk

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Normal Text

• All paragraphs of normal text are simply typed in
  without any commands.
• Spacing is not taken into account, and all spaces
  get reduced to one space
• Example
• this is the same
• this is the same

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Normal Text Example
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Normal Text Output

• dvi2.JPG

20
Common Constructs

• Italics and Bolding
• Sectioning
• Lists
• Tables
• Footnotes
• Mathematical formulas

21
Italics And Bolding

• \emphtext to be emphasized
• \bf
• Changes the font to a bolder font

22
Italic And Bolding Example
23
Sectioning Commands
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Section Example
25
Sectioning Output
26
Unnumbered Sections

• \sectionSection Name
• Always numbers the section
• You can change the format of sections numbers if
  youd like
• \sectionSection Name
• Will output an unnumbered section

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Unnumbered Example
28
Unnumbered Output
29
Counters

• All sections have a counter associated with them
• You can adjust this counter if youd like
• \addtocounternamevalue
• You can create your own counters
• \newcountername
• \setcounternamevalue

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Counter Example
31
Printing Out The Current Section Numbers

• The notation
• Will print out the current value of the counter
  associated
• \thechapter
• \thesection
• \thesubsection

32
Ordered And Unordered Lists

• Ordered lists are handled with the enumerate
  construct
• \beginenumerate
• \endenumerate
• Unordered lists are handled with the itemize
  construct
• \beginitemize
• \enditemize
• \item

33
List Example
34
List Output
35
Tables

• Tables are handled with the tabular environment
• \begintabular FORMAT
• \endtabular
• FORMAT determines how many columns are in the
  table and how text is arranged

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Format Specifics

• represents vertical lines
• Specific characters tell how to arrange text in
  the columns
• l Left aligned
• c Centered
• r Right aligned

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Table Internal Specifics

• will separate columns
• \hline draws horizontal lines
• \\ ends a line

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First Tabular Example
39
First Tabular Output
40
More Complex Tabular Example
41
Tabular Output
42
Footnotes

• Footnotes are handled with the \footnote
  construct
• \footnoteThis is a footnote
• Again, there is an automatic counter that keeps
  track of your footnotes on a section by section
  basis

43
Mathematical Constructs

• LaTeX was built on Tex, which was designed for
  easy representation of complex mathematical
  formulas
• A special mode for math formulas exists in LaTeX
• Math mode

44
Adding Accents
45
Accent Output
46
Greek Letters
47
Greek Letter Output
48
Relational Symbols
49
Relational Symbols Output
50
Various Math Symbols
51
Math Symbols Output
52
Superscripts and Subscripts

• In math mode
• \sp
• as a shortcut
• \sb
• _ as a shortcut

53
Complex Math Formula Example
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Complex Math Formula Output
55
Vertical Skip And Horizontal Skip

• \vskip 0.2in
• \hskip 3in

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When You Dont Want Any Changes - Verbatim

• The verbatim environment will attempt to print
  out everything exactly as it appears
• \beginverbatim
• \endverbatim
• Spacing comes out just as typed in this mode

57
Next Time

• We will look a little more at LaTeX and examine
  the Make utility
• Quiz 3 will be next Tuesday (March 8)