SOLID WASTE

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
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Indias Population 1027 Million As per 2001
Census Urban Population 285 Million Urban
Areas 5161 (Cities / Towns)
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TREND OF URBANIZATION Year Year
Year Year 1951 1991 2001
2021 1. Number of Urban 2795 3768
5161 -- Agglomerations / Towns 2.
Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0
550.0 (in million) 3. As percentage of
total 17.3 25.72 27.8 41
Population
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MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM - Per capita waste
generation increasing by 1.3 per
annum - With urban population increasing
between 3 3.5 per annum - Yearly increase
in waste generation is around 5 annually
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- India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal
solid waste annually at present. - Per capita
generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm
per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4
kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus
towns. - Collection efficiency ranges between
50 to 90 of the solid waste generated.
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- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to
Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste management of
which, 60-70 of the amount is on
collection alone 20 - 30 on
transportation Hardly any fund is spent on
treatment and disposal of waste - Crude
dumping of waste in most of the cities
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QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION TOTAL QUANTITY OF
SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNE GENERATED IN URBAN
AREAS PER DAY (TPD) OF THE COUNTRY
OF TOTAL GARBAGE WASTE GENERATED
IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD
18.35 WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES
19,643 TPD 17.08 (1 MILLION PLUS
TOWNS) WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD
37.07 CLASS-I TOWNS (0.1 MILLION PLUS
TOWNS) ____________ _________ 83,378.28
TPD 72.50 IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL
CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE OF WASTE
SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5 OF TOTAL
WASTE.
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Characteristics of Municipal Solid
Waste Compostable / Bio-degradable 30 - 55
matter (can be converted
into manure) Inert material 40 - 45
(to go to
landfill) Recyclable materials 5 - 10
(Recycling) These
percentages vary from city to city depending on
food habits
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PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - STORAGE OF
WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING - DOMESTIC WASTE
THROWN ON STREETS - TRADE WASTE ON ROADS /
STREETS - CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT
UNATTENDED - BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN
MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAM - INDUSTRIAL
WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN
AREAS - SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT
SOURCE NOT DONE - PRIMARY
COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT
PLACE OF GENERATION
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Contd../.. - DESIGN LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE STORAGE DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING
IN LITTERING OF GARBAGE . - STREET SWEEPING
NOT DONE EVERYDAY - WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE
IN OPEN VEHICLES - WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY
PRACTISED IN 35 ULBs ONLY - FINAL DISPOSAL
DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING - RAG PICKERS
COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM
MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE
WASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS
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• REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
• Lack of planning for waste management
  while planning townships
• Lack of proper institutional set up for
  waste management, planning and designing in
  urban local bodies
• Lack of technically trained manpower
• Lack of community involvement
• Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste
  management using modern techniques / best
  practices
• Lack of awareness creation mechanism
• Lack of Management Information Systems
• Lack of funds with ULBs
• Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user
  charges and sustainability

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RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT 1. Possible Waste Management Options
(a) Waste Minimisation (b) Material
Recycling (c) Waste Processing (Resource
Recovery) (d) Waste Transformation (e)
Sanitary Landfilling Limited land availability
is a constraint in Metro
cities. 2. Processing / Treatment should be
(i) Technically sound (ii) Financially
viable (iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental
friendly (iv) Easy to operate maintain by
local community (v) Long term sustainability
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• RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING
  DISPOSAL
• I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)
• (A) WASTE TO COMPOST
• (i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
• (ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING
• (B) WASTE TO ENERGY
• (i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION
• (ii) BIO-METHANATION
• II RECYCLING OF WASTE
• III SANITARY LANDFILLING

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VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR WASTE
PROCESSING TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE UPTO 50
METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) VERMI-COMPOSTING BET
WEEN 50 MT 500 MT / DAY VERMI-COMPOSTING
MECHANICAL COMPOSTING MORE THAN 500 MT /
DAY MECHANICAL COMPOSTING REFUSE
DERIVED FUEL(RDF) FROM REJECTS KEEPING
IN VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY
(INDUSTRIAL OR NON-
INDUSTRIAL) OR BIO-METHANATION
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TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS Requirement of funds as per
10th Plan document for 0.1 million plus towns as
per 1991 Census are as under- Capital
Investment Rs.23226.00 million Equipment
replacement Rs. 1355.00 million cost ___
_____________ Rs.24581.00 million
________________ Based on January,
2000 prices
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• INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
• Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 -
  Notified
• Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules,
  2000 Notified.
• Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
• Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
  Management
• Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid
  Waste Management
• Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated
  Plant Nutrient Management from city compost.

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• Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by
  Government of India
• Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
• Public-Private Partnership in SWM
• Capacity Building
• Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
• Guidelines for PSP and setting up of
  Regulatory Authority
• Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in
  ULBs other Sector Reforms
• Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for
  benefit of ULBs for adoption
• Financial Assistance by Government of India
  - 12th Finance Commission Grants

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DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTS FOR
WASTE MANAGEMENT RS.2500.00 CRORES
( RS. IN MILLION) (I) COLLECTION AND
TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4 EQUIPMENT
MACHINERY (II) COMPOST PLANTS -
10012.3 (III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT -
10568.8 ------------------- TO
TAL 24445.5
------------------ DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH
FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 Million COMMISSION PRIV
ATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2
Million ENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN COMPOSTING /
SANITARY LANDFILLING
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NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION CENTRAL / STATE
GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
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MAIN ISSUES - ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT
SOURCE - LACK OF TECHNICAL
EXPERTISE AND APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENT - UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE
PROPER COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION
AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS - INDIFFERENT
ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT
DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS - LACK OF COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
HYGIENIC CONDITIONS - LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs
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RECOMMENDATIONS - Outsourcing of all activities
under Solid Waste Management Services
recommended by 12th Finance Commission for using
grants - ULBs to concentrate on segregation of
waste at source - Waste processing like
composting, bio- methanation should be done
through public-private partnerships / private
sector - Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling
to be done under public private partnerships /
private sector - Bio-medical waste to be managed
by Central Bio- Medical Waste Management
Facilities.