The Catholic or

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The Catholic or Counter-Reformation
1560-1648
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Europe c. 1550
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What is the Catholic or Counter-Reformation?

• Reaffirmation of Catholicism
• The Empire Strikes Back

Oopswrong guy!
Pope Pius IV
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New Rules for Clergy

• Live in parish
• Attend Confession
• Preach/Teach every Sunday
• Give up wives
• Improve knowledge of Church writing

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DEVOTIONALISM
Dedication to a spiritual life of sacrifice
Goal provide an individual outlet for religious
experience Ex meditiation, reciting the Rosary
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New Religious Orders
St. Ignatius Loyola The Jesuits
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SOCIETY OF JESUS (JESUITS)

• Vows of piety obedience
• Militant
• Royal confessors
• Missionaries
• Educators

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Is Compromise Possible?
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The Council of Trent 1545-1563 Pope Paul III
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• Goals
• Condemn Protestantism
• Re-define Catholic dogma
• Reform Church administration

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Council Decisions

• Church interpretation of Bible is final
• Need good works AND faith for salvation
• Indulgences are OK, but false selling is banned

Nothing new, right?
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CATHOLIC Reformation doesnt seem to be enough
Protestantism is still growing
Now begins harsher control tactics of the
COUNTER Reformation
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INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS
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The Inquisition
Spain, 1478 Investigate suspicious conversos
When the faith is in question, there must be no
delay, but on the slightest suspicion rigorous
measures must be taken with all speed.
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Inquisition officially ended in 1808 300,000
heretics burned 1000s more imprisoned, tortured,
exiled
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• In the wake of the Reformations (Protestant
  Catholic), a new style of geographically
  distinctive art emerges

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Baroque Art
1600-1715
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Negative meaning at first Excessive Eccentric Ove
rly Detailed In Bad Taste
Opposite of beauty, harmony, balance, proportion
of Renaissance

• Heavily Ornate
• Complex
• Strange
• Dramatic
• Emotional

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Catholic Baroque
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Heres a famous painting by Caravaggio, c. 1600
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Extreme use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro)
Notice the light directing your attention to the
group of men at the table.
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Spotlighting becomes a hallmark of Baroque art
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Is this as a religious painting?
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This is titled, The Calling of St. Matthew.
It refers to the story of Christ enlisting a tax
collector, Levi, to become Matthew, one of his
Apostles.
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Caravaggio took a Biblical scene
and placed it in a pub with men dressed in 17th
century clothing
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It was to make it more relevant to the viewer,
something he could identify with more easily than
men in togas.
Also, it makes the painting about the viewer,
too, so in effect you are being called by Christ.
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This is another technique common to Baroque
paintings.
The artists use all manner of devices to pull the
viewer into the action in the painting, to get
her involved directly.
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The action continue beyond the painting itself
There is the unseen door through which Christ and
St. Peter have entered and which is the source of
the light
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Saints being martyred
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Heres a famous work by a sculptor often referred
to as the Michelangelo of the Baroque.
Bernini The Ecstasy of St. Theresa 1647-52
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Theresa appears more passionate and emotional
than Mary
Baroque art aims for drama and emotion
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Theresa is having a mystical, religious
experienceshe is overcome with joy
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• Roman Catholic Baroque
• Mostly in SOUTHERN (CATHOLIC) EUROPE (Spain,
  Italy)
• RELIGIOUS SCENES of Jesus, Mary and various
  saints (usually being martyred or having
  religious experiences)
• Meant to FIRE UP RELIGIOUS FEELINGS of
  Catholics in opposition to the Protestant
  Reformation

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Now lets move up north to Holland
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Protestant Baroque
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Heres a famous Rembrandt.
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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632)
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Group portrait (corporation picture)
commissioned by the surgeons guild of Amsterdam
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And you, the viewer, are made to feel as if you
just walked in and interrupted the good doctors
lesson. Another of those Baroque tricks to draw
the viewer into the painting.
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How is this different from the Southern paintings?
Its secular, not religious.
How is it similar?
Same intense chiaroscuro.
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These are by the Dutch painter Vermeer
Genre paintings - common scenes of everyday life
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They are called genre paintings, common scenes
of everyday life, popular with the 17th century
Dutch.
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Landscapes
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• Protestant Baroque Art
• Mostly in NORTHERN (PROTESTANT) EUROPE (Holland,
  Scandinavian countries, Germany, England)
• PORTRAITS, GROUP PORTRAITS, GENRE PAINTINGS,
  LANDSCAPES
• Protestant churches dont spend money on art so
  these artists looked to the MIDDLE CLASS people
  who had money to spend on art for their homes or
  guild halls