Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition

1
Chapter 1

• Success for All Students in the General Education
  Classroom

1.1
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Inclusion is Operationalized over time

• Mainstreaming is the inclusion of students with
  special needs in the general education program
  for any part of the school day
• Full Inclusion is where students do not leave the
  general classroom to receive services
• Inclusion is the meaningful participation of
  students with special needs in general education
  classrooms and programs

1.2
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Recall Student Groups you as a teacher will
need to Accommodate

• Gifted and talented students
• Culturally and linguistically diverse students
• Students at-risk for school failure
• Students with disabilities (14 categor- ies in
  WA)

EDF 302 focus
1.3A
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Areas in which a disability can appear

• Physical (HI, OI)
• Sensory (VI, HI, Deaf, Deaf-Blind)
• Language (CD, SLD)
• Cognitive (MR, SLD, MD, Autism, TBI)
• Emotional (E/B D)

1.3A
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Current Sp. Ed. Services are a function of
Litigation and Legislation
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Case 1 - Landmark Education Litigation
Segregated Schools?

• Brown v. Board of Education (See Linda)
• Supreme Court ruled segregation is inherently
  unequal because it has the effect of causing the
  minority group members to feel inferior, perhaps
  for the rest of their lives. In these days it
  is doubtful that any child may reasonably be
  expected to succeed in life if he is denied an
  opportunity of an education. LEAs may be
  assigning students based on color to substandard
  preparation to be a citizen?
• This Supreme Court decision is based on the XIVth
  Amendment to the U.S. Constitution..

1.4A
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Landmark Education Litigation

• Brown v. Board of Education is based on the XIVth
  Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

I wonderWhat is the 14th Amendment to our
Constitution? I also wonder what the Bill of
Rights is? hmmany help from the class? Tell
your neighbor.
1.4A
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XIVth Amendment

• All persons born or naturalized in the United
  Statesare citizens of theState wherein they
  reside. No state shall make or enforce any law
  which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
  of citizens
• nor shall any state deprive any person of life,
  liberty, or property, without due process of law.

1.4B
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I think this is what Big 14 means. A state
cannot serendipitously take away our house (a
property) if taking it away makes us
disadvantaged.
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Interpreting XIVth Amendment
You got it Harry!

• education was classified as a property, which a
  person was entitled not to lose without due
  process.
• The basic meaning of the final sentence is that
  fair procedures must be followed before a state
  can deny certain important interests of
  individuals. A denial of an opportunity to
  succeed in life is such an important interest.

1.4C
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Tracking - Hobson v. Hansen 67
Tracking students (smarter students attend
more challenging courses and slower students
are placed in a less rigorous course of studies)
also affected the area of special education.
Next.

• Standardized tests were used to place children in
  different academic tracks.
• Black children tended to be placed in the lower
  tracks while white children were often placed in
  higher tracks.
• A mechanism of de facto segregation seemed to
  be in place.
• See implications of Hobson v. Hansen on next
  slide.

1.4D
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Tracking - Hobson v. Hansen 67

• Standardized tests were used to place children in
  different academic tracks.
• Black children tended to be placed in the lower
  tracks while white children were often placed in
  higher tracks.
• A mechanism of de facto segregation seemed to
  be in place.
• See implications of Hobson v. Hansen on next
  slide.

1.4D
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Another issue - Fairness in Evaluation Hobson v.
Hansen

• It was found that the tests used to track
  students were not measuring their ability but the
  economic and social background (SES).
• Subsequent legislation insisted on multi-factored
  and nondiscriminatory testing for any special
  placement.

1.4E
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Issue- LRE PARC v. Pennsylvania Contributes to
Sp. Ed.

• Children with mental retardation were excluded
  from public schools in PA.
• Parents (Assoc. for Retarded Citizens) sued.
• Court ruled that their children were entitled to
  a due process hearing before placement in special
  education or denying a child admission to school.
• The concept of least restrictive environment
  (LRE) was advanced.

1.4F
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Placement based on LRE Fig. 1-4
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Current Issues and Trends

• A Nation at Risk (1983)
• America 2000 (1990), Goals 2000 (1994)
• Standards Movement
• No Child Left Behind (2001)
• Increase accountability
• Focus on what works
• Reduce bureaucracy and increase flexibility
• Empower parents

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Landmark Legislation Stick and Carrot approaches

• Civil Rights
• Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
  of 1973
• Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (Applied
  all legislation to private entities).
• Education
• The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of
  1975 (EHA).
• The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
  (IDEA) Amendments of 1997.
• The Individuals with Disabilities Education
  Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA).

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Section 504 - Recipients of Federal
Assistance may not

• 1. Deny qualified handicapped persons equal
  opportunities to participate or benefit from any
  program or activity solely based on their
  handicap.
• 2. Provide benefits or services unequal to those
  provided for non-handicapped persons.
• 3. Deny handicapped individuals the right to
  participate in regular programs just because of
  special programs that are available to them.
• (Note similarities with Civil Right Act and Title
  IX.)

1.4H
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Americans with Disabilities Act

• Applied principles of 504 to non-federally
  assisted programs
• Private colleges
• Businesses
• Transportation
• No teeth.

1.4I
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EHA through IDEIA Elements to receive funding
(carrots).

• FAPE - Including Related Services
• Due Process
• Fair Assessments
• LRE
• IEP
• 5-21 (3-21)

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EHA through IDEIA Elements

• Transition plan in place _at_ 16
• Rehabilitation counseling added as a related
  service
• General education teachers required to
  participate in IEP process unless excused
• Functional behavior assessment

1.4K
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• Where will a new teacher encounter students with
  disabilities?

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Educational Environments for Students with
Disabilities Ages 6-21 1999-2000 Fig. 1-1
Heres how disabilities appear in classrooms
according to the text.
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The Role of Special Education

• Instruction
• Related Services
• Supplementary Aids and Services
• Based on Individualized Education Program (IEP)
• Provided in the Least Restrictive Environment

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Current Issues and Trends

• A Nation at Risk (1983)
• America 2000 (1990), Goals 2000 (1994)
• Standards Movement
• No Child Left Behind (2001)
• Increase accountability
• Focus on what works
• Reduce bureaucracy and increase flexibility
• Empower parents

1.8
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People-First Language

• Do not use generic labels
• Not the retarded
• Instead individuals with mental retardation
• Put people first, not their disability
• a person with a disability
• Emphasize abilities, not limitations
• uses a wheelchair rather than confined to a
  wheelchair

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General Education Teachers and Special Students

• First to identify needs of the special student,
  and initiate the referral
• Implementation of the special students general
  education program
• Help to evaluate the students progress in the
  general education program, and those areas served
  by the specialists

1.10