FOUR FACES OF IMPERIALISM

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CHAPTER 23

• FOUR FACES OF IMPERIALISM

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Two Types of European Imperialism

• The first transplants European people to overseas
  locations.
• The second attempts to dominate and manipulate
  the economies of other peoples for European
  profit.

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Latin America

• Spanish and Portuguese completely displaced
  native institutions.
• Created a new version of their European
  homelands, complete with
• new Hispanic culture
• religion
• society
• politics.

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Plantation Concept

• Applies to Hispanic America just as it did to the
  transplanting of English and French institutions
  to North America.

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Parallels with North America

• Displacement of native culture.
• Revolution and break with Europe.
• Nation-building in the New World.

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Differences with North America

• How did the differences between North and Latin
  America come into being from their respective
  histories?

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Latin America

• experienced more Indian influence.
• A more disjointed politics.
• Less economic progress than its northern
  neighbors.
• See Chapter 23 for a comparison to the European
  "plantation" in South Africa.

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Economic Domination

• The second type of imperialism.
• Reached its zenith in the nineteenth century.
• The energetic effort of European commercial and
  industrial systems to reach out and control the
  economies of the non-industrialized world.

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Parallels at home

• Industrial leaders in Europe and the U.S. were
  creating new systems to manipulate and monopolize
  their own economies.
• So other Westerners tried to impose new systems
  on Asians, Africans and Middle Easterners in the
  name of free trade and material progress.

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Exploitation

• It is doubtful that the idea of actually
  exploiting other people crossed their minds.
• That is how later history interpreted these
  efforts.

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Asian Response

• Southeast Asia responded mostly passively.
• Ottoman Turkey tentatively and uncertainly.
• China defensively and reluctantly.
• Mughul India with confusion.
• Japan proactively.

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Japan

• The arrival of Westerners set in motion a revolt
  against the old order.
• Out of fear of becoming like the exploited
  Chinese, rapidly established a unified national
  state that came to match European imperialists.

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Asian Societies

• None of these societies was weak in the broad
  sense.
• The people were tough and hard-working and had
  durable cultural institutions.

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Cultural Roots

• Each society retained its cultural roots in the
  face of the Wests superior strengths.
• military
• industrial
• scientific

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Asian Weakness

• The weakness lay in having a durable traditional
  culture badly out of step with the twentieth
  century.
• India and Southeast Asia leadership was
  disunited.
• China was bogged down in self-satisfied
  orthodoxy.
• Japan was divided and uncertain.

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Economic Difficulties

• All these countries were undergoing economic
  difficulties that reduced public faith in the
  leadership.
• The country that changed its leadership fastest
  was first off the mark into the modern world.
• That was Japan.

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YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND

• The decline of the Mughul dynasty, the imposition
  of British rule, and the emergence of a
  nationalist movement in the Indian subcontinent.
• The extension of European and American control
  over Southeast Asia.

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YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND

• The decline of the Manchu empire and the
  subjection of China to European domination.
• Japan's successful response to the challenge of
  Western forces.

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YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND

• The tangled rivalries between European imperial
  nations in exploiting the decline of the Ottoman
  empire.
• How Latin America fared after Spanish and
  Portuguese power in the Western Hemisphere was
  broken.