Reductive techniques

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Reductive techniques
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Timeout from positive reinforcement

• A time to reflect
• Effective
• Non violent
• Time for both parties to cool off
• Can be in any place
• Predicated on the premise that the inappropriate
  behavior is not a reaction to poor instruction

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Timeout

• Procedure that involves denying a student access
  to all sources of reinforcement
• Teacher attention
• Peer attention
• Participation in ongoing activities
• Time out also removes the student from
  instruction

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Timeout

• Used to diffuse situation
• Redirection can occur after time out
• Three types
• Planned ignoring
• Contingent observation
• Exclusionary/Seclusionary

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Timeout

• Amount of time away should be determined by the
  age of the student
• Be sure that the student is not trying to be
  isolated for some reason

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Timeout

• Track
• How much teacher time is being used
• How much instructional time is lost
• How often the individual is put in time out
• What the individuals behavior appears to be
  after time out
• Other students reactions to the incident

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Timeout

• Use of timeouts is part of a continuum of
  interventions and strategies
• Teaching alternative positive behaviors
• Reinforcement of positive behaviors
• Ignoring or not responding to inappropriate
  behaviors
• Response cost

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• Seclusionary timeout is a drastic measure and
  should be used as a last defense in a total
  program
• Must have parent permission to use seclusionary
  time out
• Use only in an array of behavioral interventions
• Avoid power struggles with the student
• Never lock a student in a closed setting
• Maintain a view of the student at all times

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Timeout

• Maintain through written logs and records
• When it occurred
• Describe the behavior
• Describe the intervention attempted
• Record the length (exact times)
• Describe the reactions and results

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• Assess whether timeout is working
• Use an FBA.

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Differential reinforcement

• Increasing reinforcement for replacement
  behaviors
• While attempting to reduce the occurrence of
  undesirable behaviors

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• Four strategies
• Differential reinforcement of low rates of
  behavior
• Differential reinforcement of other behaviors
• Differential reinforcement of incompatible
  behaviors
• Differential reinforcement of alternative
  behaviors

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Extinction

• When a behaviors reinforcement is suddenly
  stopped, the behavior will escalate
• Use this procedure only when the behavior in
  question is not hurtful to the student or others

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Verbal statements

• Reprimands are advised if the undesirable
  behavior is harmful.
• Instruction and directive comments may be seen as
  aversive
• Mean what you say
• Do not use threats, name calling, sarcasm,
  ridicule

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Verbal statements

• Firm, specific, and immediate

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Overcorrection

• Positive practice overcorrection
• Repeating a selected behavior contingent on the
  occurrence of an undesired behavior
• Hand biting could be replaced by repeated
  clapping
• Restitutional overcorrection
• Overcorrect the effects of the behavior on the
  environment
• Returning a stolen object- giving an object of
  her own, etc

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Response cost

• Loss of a reinforcer contingent on an undesirable
  behavior
• The reinforcer that is lost should be a natural
  consequence
• Not the same as extinction because
• The reinforcer is not maintaining the behavior
• The reinforcer is not withheld it is taken away