?a??? ???ate st?? ???????

1
?a??? ???ate st?? ???????
?a??? ???ate st?? ???????
??? ??sa???? st? ??e?µat??? ???µa t?? ?µe????????
t?? ????a? ?????µ?t??s? ??a t?? ??????? t??
S??e?d?s??
2
?e??e??µe?a
????a t?? ??p?? ?µe??????a ?a? S??e?d?s? ?
???aµ?da t?? ?????? t?? ??µ??????a? ? S??e?d?t?
??????? t?? ???e ?????? ?? ?µ??e? ?a? ?? ???te?
t?? ?????? ? 5? ?µ??a ?a? ???ta t?? ???e
?????? ?a?ade??µata t?? ??e???e?? ??aµ?s?? t??
?????? ? ?a???sµ?a ??????µ?a st? ?????e?a t??
??a??t???? ?????? ?? ?µ??e? ?a? ?? ???te? t??
Ga?a??a??? S??e?d?s?? ? G??s? e??a? ???aµ? ?a
???a??µata ?p?????? st? ?a?e????, st? ?a??? ?a?
st? ?????? ??te Ft????µe St? ????? t? 2011 ? t?
2012 ?? ?µe??????? ?a? ? S???????sµ?? ?e ta
?st???a ? ?????? ?a? ?? ???a??? t?? Se ?? ?a
???sµ????µe F?ß?? ?a? ??a?s??s? ??a t? ??????
3
????a ?p? ?? F??? ??? ??p?
?p???e? ??a p?t?µ? p?? ??e? p??? ??????a ???a?
t?s? ??µ?t??? p?? ?a ?p?????? a?t?? p?? ?a
f?ß????? Ta p??spa??s??? ?a ??at????? st??
a?t? Ta a?s?a????? ?t? d?aµe?????ta? ?a? ?a
?p?f????? f?ße?? ?a ???e?? ?t? t? p?t?µ? ??e? ??a
p?????sµ? ?? ?????te? ???e p??pe? ?a af?s??µe t??
a?t? ?a sp???t??µe st? µ?s? t?? p?taµ??? ?a? ???
de?te p???? e??a? e?e? µa?? sa? ?a? ????t?ste Se
a?t? t?? ep??? st?? ?st???a t?p?ta ?a µ?
pa?????µe p??s?p??? ?? ????te?? ap? ??a t???
ea?t??? µa? ?p? t? st??µ? p?? t? ?????µe ?
p?e?µat??? µa? a??pt??? staµat? ? ?a???? t??
µ??a????? ????? te?e??se S???e?t??ste t???
ea?t??? sa? µa??, ?p?? e?µaste ap??e ??afa??ste
t? ???? pa?e?? ap? t? s?µpe??f??? sa? ?a? ap? t?
?e??????? sa? ??a a?t? p?? ?????µe t??a p??pe? ?a
?????ta? µe ?e?? t??p? ?a? se e??tasµ? ?µe??
e?µaste a?t?? p?? pe??µ??aµe ????!
4
?µe??????a ?a? S??e?d?s?
S??e?d?s?
Se t? d??ete t? p??s??? sa? se a?t?
s??e?d?t?p???ste ? ???sµ?? t?? s??e?d?s?? e??a? ?
ef?p??s? ?t? e?µaste se epa???p??s?.
?µe??????a
?a ?µe??????a e??a? t? ap???t? ???t?? se ???e
p???t?sµ?? t? s??e?d?s? ?t?d?p?te s?µßa??e? ?a?
t? p?? a?t? ?aµß??ete ??e? s??s? µe t? ?µe???????
5
?µe??????a ?a? S??e?d?s?
? S??e?d?s? ??e? p??ta µ?a p??sa?at???s?. St???
p???t?sµ??? t?? s?µe?a e??a? µe t?? ????? ?a? t??
????
??????
?????
?? ???t?? t?? ?????? ?a? t?? ????? e??a? ? d???
sa? ?pt??? ????a t?? p?a?µat???t?ta?
??ßete ?p???? sa? ? ?????? e??a? µ?a µe??t?
e??a? e??aµpt??. ? ?????? e??a? µ?? s?µf???a
µeta?? a????p?? e??a? af???µ??? ?d?a, ?a? ?
s?µf???a ?p???e? µ?sa st? ?µe??????? ? ?????
e??a? µ?? s?µf???a µeta?? a????p?? - ???e ?????
??e? t? d??? t?? s??e?d?s?. ?p? a?t? ß?a??e?
?t? ?? ?e?t???? s?µe?? t?? ?????? ?a? t?? ?????
e??a? ?p?? ?a? ? s??e?d?s? sa? ? s??e?d?s? sa?
e??a? ? ?pt??? sa? ????a ?a? ? ?pt??? sa? ????a
ßas??ete p??ta se ????? ?a? se ????.
6
?? G??????a?? ?µe???????

• ????se t? 1582 ap? t?? ??pa G???????
• ßas?sµ??? st? s??s? t?? ????? ?a? t?? G??, ?a?
  t?? pe??st??f?? t?? G?? ???? ap? t?? ???? ???e
  365 ¼ ?µ??e?.
• ??? µa? ? s??e?d?s? est??st??e p??? se ??a s?µa
  p?? ????? ???? ap? ??a ????.
• ????????? t?? p???t?sµ?? µa? ? s??e?d?s?
  est??st??e st? f?s??? ?a? t?p?ta ????
• ??e? ?? epa??e?µat???? ep??e???se?? ?e?t???????
  se a?t? t? ?µe???????
• ? p??t?? ?????? t?? G??????a??? ?µe????????
  ???µ?st??e ? p??t?? ?????? t?? ?????? µa?, ?a?
  a?t? p???a????se ???e ?µe??µ???a t?? ??????. ???a
  de? ??e? ap?µe??? s?ed?? ?a????? p?e?µat???t?ta
  p?a.
• G?a a?t? t? ???? ???????? t? ?µe??????? µa?
  a?t?p??s?pe?e? µ??? t? f?s???

7
?a ?µe??????a t?? ????a?
?? ????a? ????? p????, pe??p?? 18 ?µe??????a,
a??? p??? se 3 est??st??a? ?? e?e???t?? t??
?a???? µa? ??a t? ?µe??????? t?? ????a?

• ?? ??????? (Tzolkin)
• 260 ?µ??e?.
• ???ete ?? ??t??µa t?? ?µe???.
• ?ta? t? p??s?p??? ? ast???????? ?µe???????.
• ?? p??t? ???µa ??p???? ?ta? t? ???µa t?? ?µ??a?
  st? ?µe???????.
• ap?te?e?te ap?
• 13 ?????se??t?? ??µ??????a? (a???µ??) ?a? 20
  ??e?? t?? ??µ??????a? (?µe??s?a-s?µß??a)
• (13 x 20 260)

• ?? ???? (Tun)
• 360 ?µ??e?.
• ?ta? t? ?e??? ? p??f?t??? ?µe???????.

• ?? ?aaµp (Haab)
• 365 ¼ ?µ??e?
• ??p?ta p?t? de? ?ata???ft??e ???s?µ?p????ta?
  a?t? t? ?µe???????. ???s?µ?p???ta? µ???
• ??a t? s?????? t?? f???? ?a? t?? ?p?????sµ? t??
  a???t???? ep????, p?te e??a? ? sp???, ? s????µ?d?
  ??p.

8
?a ?µe??????a t?? ????a? ? ?a???? ??t??s? (The
Long Count)
? ?a???? ??t??s? ????se st?? 11 ???. 3114?? µe t?
?e????? t?? ?????s?? t?? ?f??d?t?? a?t? ?ta?
? a??? t?? t?ta?t?? ep????, ? ?p??a te?e???e?
µet? ap? ??a ????? t?? 13 ?p??t??? (Baktun) st??
21 ?e?eµß???? 2012
? ?a???? ??t??s? ap?te?e?te ap? t??? a?????????
??????? 360 ?µ??e? ???? (Tun) 20 ?????
?at??? (Katun) 20 ?at???? ?pa?t??? (Baktun) 13
?pa?t???? 1 ?e????? ?????? ap? 1,872,000
?µ??e?.
9
?a ?µe??????a t?? ????a?
???? 360 ?µ??e?
??????? 260 ?µ??e?
?? ??????? pe??st??feta? ?a? ?????e? t? ????. G?a
a?t? t? ???? - ?? ??????? µetad?de? t? ???µ? t??
st? ????. - ???e 52 pe??st??f?? t?? ???? ???e
p??a?? ??? ?a? p???es? t?? d?µ??????a? ??e?
eµpe?????.
10
? ???aµ?da t?? ?????? t?? ??µ??????a?
10 Feß?. 2011
- S?µpa?t???
5 ?a?. 1999
- Ga?a??a??
1755 ??
- ??a??t???
3115 ??
- ??????
102,000 ?????a p???
- ????t?st???
2 e?at?µµ???a ?????a p???
- F??et???
41 e?at?µµ???a ?????a p???
- ?????e?e?a??
820 e?at?µµ???a ?????a p???
- T??ast???
16.4 d?se?at?µµ???a ?????a p???
- ??tta????
13 ?????se?? t?? ??µ??????a?
11
? S??e?d?t? ??????? t?? ???e ??????
9?? ?????? (S?µpa?t????)
S??e?d?t? S??-??µ??????a
8?? ?????? (Ga?a??a???)
??? ( ????e?e?)
7?? ?????? (??a??t????)
???aµ? ( ?????e?a)
6?? ?????? (???????)
??µ?? ??µ???a
5?? ?????? (????t?st????)
??t??????s?
4?? ?????? (F??et????)
?µ???t?ta/??af???
3?? ?????? (?????e?e?a???)
?????sµa/???s?p??? ?p??t?s?
2?? ?????? (T??ast????)
?????sµa/?p??t?s?
1?? ?????? (??tta?????)
???s?/??t?d?as?
12
?? ?µ??e? ?a? ?? ???te? ??? ??????
7? ?µ??a Te???a
?e?? t?? p?a?µat?p???s??
6? ?µ??a ??a?????s? t?? S??e?d?s??
6? ???ta Te?ape?a t?? S??e?d?s??
?e?? t?? ??????d???
?e?? t?? fa?µa?e?t????
5? ?µ??a ??spasµa st? S??e?d?s?
5? ???ta T??at?? pa???? S??e?d?s??
?e?? t?? f?t???
?e?? t?? ?a??t??
3? ?µ??a ??????ta? t?? ????e?a
3? ???ta ?fa?µ??? t?? ????e?a?
4? ?µ??a ???? Teµ????? ????? (??se??)
4? ???ta ?fa?µ???? t?? ???? ??se??
?e?? t?? ?e???
?e?? t?? fe??a????
?e?? t?? ß?????
?e?? t?? µ????
1? ?µ??a ????? t?? S??e?d?se??
1? ???ta ??e???p???s? t?? S??e?d?s??
2? ?µ??a ???p??s? t?? S??e?d?s??
2? ???ta ??t?d?as? t?? S??e?d?s??
?e?? t?? p??d?µ??????a?
?e?? t?? ????ßas???µat??
?e?? t?? ?????
?e?? t?? a??a
13
????? 2
14
? 5? ?µ??a ?a? ???ta t?? ???e ?????? t??
??µ??????a?

• 1?? ??????
• 5? ?µ??a ? ????? ?a? ? ??a??t?? G?
  s??µat?st??a? st? ???a?? s?st?µa (? ?e???a µ?a?
  ???ta??? Ga?a? ?a µp????se p??? f?s??? ?a a???se?
  ed?).
• 5? ???ta ß?µßa?d?sµ?? µete???t??.

• 2?? ??????
• 5? ?µ??a (????se 315 e?at?µµ???a ?????a p???
  ap? s?µe?a) ? ??? µeta???e?te ??? ap? t???
  ??ea???? st? ste??? (? µe?a??te?? ?????? ???? st?
  f?s??? ?st???a).
• 5? ???ta 97 t?? ???? e?afa??st??e ap? t?
  ste???.

• 3?? ??????
• 5? ?µ??a ?? ?st?????? t?? f?s???? ?st???a?
  ??µ????? ?t? ed? ????se ? ?????µ? ??as?.
• 5? ???ta ????st??.

• 4?? ??????
• 5? ?µ??a (800,000 ?????a p???) ? f?t??
  a?a?a??f???e (se ??? t? ??sµ? µ?sa se pe??p?? 2
  ?????de? ?????a ?????p?? se d?af??et???? ?pe?????
  a?a????pta? t? f?t?? a?e???t?t?? ? ??a? ap? t??
  ?????).
• 5? ???ta (640,000 ?????a p???) ? ?p??? t??
  ????? ????se.

• 5?? ??????
• 5? ?µ??a (40,000 ?????a p???) ? ?????p??
  d?µ?????e? t???? (??a p??t? f??? t? a????p???
  e?d?? s??fteta? µe af???µ??e? ?????e?.)
• 5? ???ta (32,000 ?????a p???) ? ?????p?? t??
  ?e??te?ta? e?afa???eta?.

• 6?? ??????
• 5? ?µ??a 40 µ.?. ? ?a???? ??e? ??a p???? ??a
  t?? ??s?? ???st? d??????ta? st??? a????p??? ?t?
  µp????? ?a µ???s??? ?ate??e?a? st?? Te? ?a? ?t?
  a???p???µ???? ?e?e?? de? ??e?????ta? p?a.
• 5? ???ta 411 µ.?. ? ??µ? p?ft? ?a? ? a??? t??
  t????? t?? ??µa???? a?t???at???a?.

• 7?? ??????
• 5t? ?µ??a 1913 d?µ?s?e?s? t?? EMC2 (a?t?
  e??a? t? ???s?µ? t?? p?a?µat???t?t?? µa?) ?
  Hubble (1924) a?a?a??pte? ?t? ???µe se ??a ?pe???
  s?µpa? (se ??a ?pe??? s?µpa? t?p?ta de? e??a?
  a?at????t?).
• 5? ???ta t? 1932 ? ??t?e? a?eßa??e? se d??aµ?
  ?a? a????e? t?? d?ad??as?e? t?? ?e????t?? 2??
  ?.?.,
• 1? ?????? at?µ???? ß?µßa?.

15
?a?ade??µata t?? ???????? ??aµ?s?? t?? ??????
1? ?µ??a ?????? 2000 ( Y2K) (e?????ta? ?t? ta
p??ta µp??e? ?a s?µß??? ??a?t? ?a e?ste
p??et??µasµ????) (???µ??a???? epa??stas? 1755)
1? ???ta 11/9 (ap?de??????ta? ?t? t? p??
ad??at?? p?? µp????sate ?a s?eft?te s???ß?) (t??
1? ?a??? 1776 ????sa? ?? ????µ???t??
(?ef?t?sµ????))
2? ?µ??a eµf???s? t?? p?????t?ta? pat???te?
e?a?t??? t??µ???at?? / ?a?? e?a?t??? ?a???
2? ???ta ???eµ?? G????? / ??d?????, ? ?.?.?.
?ata?aµß??? t? ?f?a??st?? ?a? t? ????.
3? ?µ??a sta?e?? e??te???e?s? t?? ???? ? ??µ?
????t??? ?a? ? ?e??te?ta? eµfa?????ta?, ta
?eµ???a t?? ????d?? ?t????ta?, efe??es?
t?????af??, ? ?a?ß???? d?µ?s?e?e? t? ?????e?s?
t?? ??d?? (?? ?????te?e? a???e?e? ß?a?????
µp??st? / ???)
4? ?µ??a a?a?????? t?? sp??d?????? st????, 1??
???µp?a??? ????e?, ? ?µ???? ???fe? t??
?d?sse?a, ? e?????? t?? t??ef???? (e?e???e??
t?? ???? s?st?µ?t??)
4? ???ta te?µat?sµ?? t?? ????????? p???t?sµ??
5? ?µ??a ta ??a µeta??????ta? ap? t? ???assa
st? ste???, ? ??????µ? ??as? a?apt?sete, ?
??e???? t?? f?t??? ap? t? e?d?? ?????p??,
efe??es? t?? t?????, ? ??s??? ???st?? eµfa???ete
?a? ??e? ?t? e?µaste ?e???? ?a? ?t? µp????µe ?a
µ???µe ?ate??e?a? µe t?? Te?, EMC2, ????sa? ??
e?p?µp?? ?ad??s?µ?t??, ? Hubble a?a?????e ?t? t?
s?µpa? e??a? ?pe??? (??a ?esp?sµata st?
s??e?d?s?)
5? N??ta 2?? ?.?., at?µ???? ß?µße?, t???? t??
?ap?????? a?t???at???a?, ?? ????pa???? ???e?
d???e???? ??a ?a ?e????s??? t?? p??eµ? ap? t??
????p? (???at?? t?? pa???? s??e?d?s??) (t?
S?µß????? t?? ???a?a? ????se t? ??µa??? ?a??????
?????s?a)
6? ?µ??a ? pe???d?? t?? ??a?????s?? st?? ????p?,
? ?as????? ????????? st?? ?????a, ???s? ep??? t??
p???t?sµ?? t?? ????a? ?a? t?? ??as???
16
? ?a???sµ?a ??????µ?a st? ?????e?a t?? ??a??t????
??????
1? ?µ??a 1776 ? ???s?? sa? pa?as????a??
?pe???t??? ??µ?sµat??? µ?s?
1? N??ta 1772 ?? ??????µ?e? t?? ??eta??a? ?a?
???a?d?a? ?ata??????
2? ?µ??a 1794 ?d??s? t?? ??µ?sµat???pe??? t??
?.?.?. ?a? t? ??µa t?? ???s?? ?a? t?? as?µ??? st?
pa?as????? t?? ??µ?sµat???? µ???da?
2? N??ta 1819 ?? ??????µ?e? t?? ??eta??a? ?a?
t?? ??? ?ata??????
3? ?µ??a ?e???? e??µe??a ?a? ??????µ????
a?apt??e?? pa???sµ???
3? ???ta 1857 ?? ??????µ?e? t?? ????p?? ?a? t??
??? ?ata??????, 1876 ? Ge?µa???? ??????µ?a
?ata???e?
4? ?µ??a ? ??ß????s? t?? ??? ??ße? ??a
??µ?sµata (????pa??? ep??d?s? st??? s?d???d??µ???)
4? N??ta 1893 t? ??a? t?? ???, 1903 pt?se?? t??
Ga?????? ?a? t?? ??d???? ??????µ?a?
5? ?µ??a 1913 t? ?µ?sp??d?a?? ?aµe?? st?? ???
????se (µe???? ?????µa t?? s??e?d?s?? ??a t???
???µat?µes?te? t?? ???µat?? / d??aµ??)
5? N??ta 1931- 33 ?e???? ?at?pt?s?? (??a?)
6? ?µ??a ? ??? ?p?s?eta? st?? ??sµ? ?a p????s?
???e ?????? t? ????? se ???s? p?? s?µµet??e? st??
2? ?.?. (?? ??? ?pesa? ap? t? ???? ???s?? t?
1973)
6? N??ta 1973 ?? ??? ?pesa? ap? t? ???? ???s??
?a? a??s??a? t?? s?µf???a. ?? ??? p???????? µ???
se ?a?t???µ?sµata t?? ?µ?sp??d?a??? ?aµe???, 1973
? p??????sµ?? d?ap?te?s?? ?a? ? a??a t?? eta?????
pet?e?a??? a??????e st? 10
7? ?µ??a 1992 ? f??s?a t?? te???????a? st?
???µat?st????
17
?? ?µ??e? ?a? ?? ???te? ??? Ga?a??a??? S??e?d?s??
1? ?µ??a ?? sp???? t?? s??e?d?s?? f?te?t??a?
1? N??ta ? s??e?d?s? e?e???p??????e
2? ?µ??a ? eµf???s? t?? p?????t?ta?
2? N??ta ? pa??? ?a? ? ??a s??e?d?s?
s????????ta?
3? ?µ??a ? a???e?a ?ed?p???eta? p??? ta ???
3? N??ta p??sa?µ?se?? st?? a???e?a
4? ?µ??a ??e? ß?se?? t?? a????p???? s??se??
4? N??ta e?te??st??a? ta ????????? d?aß?µata
5? ?µ??a s??a?t?µe t??? Ga?a??a???? µa? ?e?t??e?
5? N??ta t???? t?? p???atas?e?asµ???? a??????
6? ?µ??a ? s??e?d?s? ?pe?ßa??e? t?? te???????a
6? N??ta e?????a, ??e?a??µaste t?? e??s??s?
7? ?µ??a s?µµet????µe st? s??e?d?t?
s??-d?µ??????a t?? ?pa???? ?a? t??
eµpe???a?
18
??te ??µaste St? ????? t? 2011 ? t? 2012
? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????S ????? ?
S??????S? ??t? t? s?ept??? ?a??f???e ap? t?s???
p?????? e?e???t??, ep?st?µ??e?, a????p??????? ?a?
a????p??? ap? ??? t?? ??sµ? p?? de? e??a? ?d?a
??a t?? ?e???e? t?? 2011 ? ??a t? 2012, pa???a
a?t? ???? a?a????????? ?t? ?? ?????p?? ?a? ?
s??e?d?s? t??? a????e?. ?p???e? µ?a p?a??t???,
s????????st??? ?a? ?s???? µeta??a?? p?? sa???e?
µ?s? t?? a????p?? ?a? a??????ta? st?? p??a??t?te?
t?? a??a???, se µe?a??te????, p?? saf??,
???????te???? d??µ??? ap? ???e ???? f??? p???. ??
????te? t?? F?t?? ß?a????? st?? ep?f??e?a. ??
?????p?? t?? d??aµ?? de? ???ß??ta? p?a st??
s????. ? F?s? a????e?, ?ts? ?a? eµe??.

• ?? s?µa?t??? ???µp? e??a? ? e??t???t?ta
• ?a t?se?a µ??? ft??????? t? ???,
• ?a t?se?a p??s?pa t?? a????p?? sa? µ??ad??? e?d?,
  (???????, ?sp??, µa??? ?a? ??t????)
• ??se?e?? t?p?? a????p?? sa? p??s?p???t?te? (????,
  ?????, ???a??a ?a? ??t?a?)
• ??sse?e?? d???µe?? ?????ta? t?? µ?a
  (??e?t??µa???t???, µa???t???, d??at?? ?a?
  ad??aµe? p???????? d???µe??),
• ??sse?e?? ?ate????se?? p?? ?????? t? ???t??
  (a?at???, d?s?, ß???? ?a? ??t??)

19
????S 1?? ?????S