Lincoln University

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Lincoln University

• Primary Care Research
• Network for the Treatment
• Of Overweight in Adolescents-Collaborative Effort
  With Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP)
  and Geisinger Health Systems

Delroy Louden, Ph.D., FRSH. Site Principal
Investigator
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990,
1998, 2006
(BMI ?30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 54
person)
1998
1990
2006
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 2529
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PennsylvaniaOur Home States Report Card

• They graded each state on its efforts to pass
  obesity control measures, including
• Nutrition standards Controlling the types of
  foods and beverages offered during school hours
• Vending machine usage Prohibiting types of foods
  and beverages sold in school and prohibiting
  access to vending machines at certain times
• Body mass index (BMI) measured in school
• Recess and physical education State-mandated
  additional recess and physical education time

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Report Card Cont

• Obesity programs and education Programs
  established as part of curriculum
• Obesity research Other institutions or groups
  directed by the legislature to study obesity.
• Obesity treatment in health insurance Expanding
  health insurance to cover obesity treatment where
  applicable
• Obesity commissions The legislature established
  commissions designed to study obesity
• Pennsylvanias Grade F

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State Update cont.

• Researchers also graded states on their efforts
  to control childhood obesity.
• Connecticut joined Arkansas as the only states to
  receive a "B," but the majority of states
  received a "D" or an "F" for their efforts in
  this category.
• Pennsylvanias Grade F

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Current Activities at Lincoln University

• Background
• During the year 2006-07 data was collected in the
  following formats
• I. Surveys III. Foci Groups
• II. Blogs IV. Internships
• I. SURVEYS
• Setting and Participants
• Site Lincoln University
• Total participants 274 freshman students from
  Lincoln University
• Recruitment
• The initial 30 subjects were students enrolled
  in First Year Experience class of site
  investigator
• Each student from the class were given
  instructions and 10 surveys to administer to
  fellow students.
• All students administered surveys during same
  week in the evening, in the residence halls.

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Frequency Data for Home States
Background Demographics
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Activity Questions
Yes No

• Activity Totals
• Are you physically active? 186
  81
• Participated in organized sport - 3yrs 150
  122
• Participated in organized sport - 2yrs 165
  96
• Activity By Gender Men Women Men
  Women
• Are you physically active? 84 102
  11 70
• Participated in organized sport - 3yrs 69
  81 27 95
• Participated in organized sport - 2yrs 67
  98 20 76

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Gender x Physical Activity x Fast Food Weekly
Chi-Square Analysis
Cells with lt 5 subjects were removed
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Frequencies of Gender x Physical Activity X
Location
Do you eat more fast food Are you physically
active at home or school Yes No Total
Gender HOME Male 39
5 44 Female 37 25 62 SCHOOL Male 39 4 43
Female 61 37 98
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Gender x Physical Activity x Location Chi-Square
Analysis
Cells with lt 5 subjects were removed
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Frequencies for Gender x Physical Activity x
Weekly Fruit Intake
How many times do you eat fruit weekly Gender
Are you physically active
Total YES NO NOT AT ALL Male 13 0
13 Female 5 9 14 18 9
27 ONCE Male 17 5
22 Female 20 17 14 37 22
36 TWICE Male 23 4
27 Female 25 17 42 48 21
69 THREE Male 12 0
12 Female 22 16 38 34 16
50 FOUR OR MORE Male 18 1
19 Female 30 11 41 48 12
60
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Gender x Physical Activity x Fruit Weekly
Chi-Square Analysis
Cells with lt 5 subjects were removed
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Frequencies for Gender x Physical Activity x
Weekly Vegetable Intake
How many times do you eat vegetables
weekly Gender Are you physically
active Total YES NO NOT AT
ALL Male 7 1
8 Female 12 10 22 19 11
30 ONCE Male 21 2
23 Female 21 15 36 42 17
59 TWICE Male 21 6
27 Female 23 22 45 44 28
72 THREE Male 20 0
20 Female 23 12 35 43 12
55 FOUR OR MORE Male 13 1
14 Female 20 11 31 33 12
45
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Gender x Physical Activity x Vegetable Weekly
Chi-Square Analysis
Cells with lt 5 subjects were removed
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Gender x Physical Activity x Food Type
Chi-Square Analyses
Cells with lt 5 subjects were removed
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Students Self Perception Categories Converted to
Reflect CDC BMI Ranges
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Student BMI Scores Converted to BMI Ranges for
Adults(Per CDC standards)
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Subjects Recoded Self Rating Categories by
Actual BMI Categories
BMI coded score 1.00 BMI below 18.5 2.00 BMI
18.5 - 24.9 3.00 BMI 25.0 29.9 4.00 BMI
30.0 and Above
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Summary of Survey Results

• Physical Activity
• 88 of men said they were physically active, only
  60 of women
• 72 of men engaged in an organized sport for 3
  years, only 46 of women
• 77 of men engaged in an organized sport for 2
  years, only 56 of women
• Only a 5 decrease for men and a 10 decrease for
  women in organized sport of 3 vs. 2 years
• Fast Food Consumption
• Women consumed more fast food than men
• Physical activity was Not a deterrent for fast
  food consumption
• Students ate more fast food at school than at
  home

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Summary of Survey Results continued

• Fruits Vegetables
• Students ate fruits and vegetables about twice a
  week, with no gender differences
• Chi-Square analyses indicated a three-way
  interaction between variables gender x physical
  activity x fruits or vegetables.
• BMI Results
• The majority of students were accurate in their
  perceptions regardless of actual BMI status
• The majority of subjects rated themselves as
  Just Right
• N 155 ( 56 )

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Discussion

• What accounts for lack of healthy dietary intake
  availability , cost, familiarity, cultural
  preference, etc.?
• How do we successfully intervene in college, when
  dietary selection is determined by a third party?
• What determines AAs perceptions regarding
  weight?
• (Consider the importance of reference group in
  this context)
• Are AA students using a reference group, if so,
  how different is it from the norm What is the
  norm and who defines it?
• Is the AA obesity problem more about the
  disparity in health care access and utilization?

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Blog Activity

• Setting and Participants
• Site Lincoln University
• Purpose To encourage student awareness,
  knowledge and practices (KAP) regarding the
  effects of obesity on lifestyles, morbidity, and
  mortality
• Total participants 30 freshman students from
  Lincoln University
• Recruitment
• 30 Freshman students enrolled in First Year
  Experience class of site investigator
• Each student from the class participated in
  responding to blogs via WebCT.
• 10 categories of blogs were listed, 3 were
  mandatory which included the Health blog
• Sample Questions

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Focus Group Discussion

• Setting and Participants
• Site Lincoln University
• Total participants 15 female freshmen students
  from Lincoln University in session I and 10 males
  in session II
• Both groups were conducted by same-sex
  professionals
• Each group session lasted approximately one (1)
  hour
• Common themes for both male and female groups
• Self-Esteem
• Beauty/Physique
• Weight
• Relationships
• Self-Perception
• Diet (Women)
• Family
• Quality of Life/Consequences
• Media Input
• Physiology
• Exercise (Men)

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Other Members of Investigating Team

• Denise Hardy, Research Coordinator and Site
  Investigator
• Michaile Rainey, Site Investigator