Title: Don Lincoln
1When a Proton Meets an Antiproton Don Lincoln
2Whats the Point?
- High Energy Particle Physics is a study of the
smallest pieces of matter. - It investigates (among other things) the nature
of the universe immediately after the Big Bang. - It also explores physics at temperatures not
common for the past 15 billion years (or so). - Its a lot of fun.
3Periodic Table
Helium
Neon
- All atoms are made
- of protons, neutrons
- and electrons
Electron
Neutron
Proton
Gluons hold quarks together Photons hold atoms
together
4- All particles have anti-particles, which have
similar properties, but opposite electrical
charge - Particles
- u,c,t 2/3
- d,s,b -1/3
- e,?,? -1
- Anti-particles
- u,c,t -2/3
- d,s,b 1/3
- e,?,? 1
Anti-Matter
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6Stars form (1 billion years)
Atoms form (300,000 years)
Nuclei form (180 seconds)
Nucleons form (10-10 seconds)
Quarks differentiate (10-34 seconds?)
??? (Before that)
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9- ? The Main Injector upgrade was completed in
1999. - ? The new accelerator increases the number of
- possible collisions per
second by 10-20. - ? DØ and CDF have undertaken massive
- upgrades
to utilize the increased -
collision rate. - ? Run II began March 2001
Expected Number of Events
Huge statistics for precision physics at low
mass scales
1000
Formerly rare processes become high
statistics processes
100
Increased reach for discovery physics at highest
masses
10
Run II
1
Run I
Increasing Violence of Collision
10How Do You Detect Collisions?
- Use one of two large multi-purpose particle
detectors at Fermilab (DØ and CDF). - Theyre designed to record collisions of protons
colliding with antiprotons at nearly the speed of
light. - Theyre basically cameras.
- They let us look back in
time.
11Typical Collider Detector Run II
- Weighs 5000 tons
- Can inspect 3,000,000 collisions/second
- Will record 50 collisions/second
- Records approximately 10,000,000 bytes/second
- Will record 1015 (1,000,000,000,000,000) bytes
in the next run (1 PetaByte).
30
30
50
12Remarkable Photos
In this collision, a top and anti-top quark were
created, helping establish their existence
This collision is the most violent ever recorded.
It required that particles hit within 10-19 m or
1/10,000 the size of a proton
13Coolest Detector at Fermilab
Collider Detector at Fermilab
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15Why Colliders?
Momentum Conservation
Energy Conservation
16Special Relativity
Low momentum means large mass
Clever (lazy?) Theorists c 1
Note
17Why Colliders?
900 GeV 0 GeV
900 GeV 900 GeV
Mmax 42 GeV
Mmax 1800 GeV
Note GeV is an energy unit
18Proton
AntiProton
Proton-AntiProton Scattering
d
u
u
d
u
u
19Collision Facts
- Very messy collisions
- Hundreds of objects after collision
- Need to simplify the measurement
Experimentalist's View
20Feynman Diagrams
Scatter particles
Make particles
Note In subsequent slides, only
representative diagrams are shown, not all.
Concentrate on scattered particles, ignore
spectators.
21Quantum ChromoDynamics
quark
gluon
quark
quark
quark
gluon
quark
quark
antiquark
gluon
antiquark
gluon
quark
gluon
- Stuff to Study
- Violence of Collision
- Frequency of Collision
- Exotic Particles?
- Number of Output Objects
quark
quark
gluon
22Were in luck!
Quarks cant exist, except when they are confined
Miracle
As quarks leave a collision, they change into a
shotgun blast of particles called a jet
?
23Most LikelyLeast Likely 1071 !
Expected Number of Events
1000
100
10
Data
1
Hiding things?
Increasing Violence of Collision
24Theory agrees within 20 over 7 orders of
magnitude!
CDF reports a slight excess of events at high
p? as compared to DØ Difference is
not understood, but within global errors
25ElectroWeak
electron
quark
quark
quark
Z boson
W boson
antielectron
antiquark
antiquark
antiquark
electron
- Stuff to Study
- Frequency of W Z Boson Creation
- Mass of W Z Boson
- Frequency of Decay Modes
quark
W boson
neutrino
antiquark
26Measuring Mass Quicky Review of Special
Relativity
For a particle (A), energy, momentum and mass are
related Let this particle (A) decay into
two particles (1) (2) High School Physics
? Energy and momentum are
conserved.
Lorentz Invariant
1
A
Not Lorentz Invariant
2
Lorentz Invariant
27Transverse momentum is conserved
them?
do you detect
Neutrinos can penetrate light-years of lead
Need a fully surrounding (4?) detector
How
28Sometimes Z bosons are created in collisions
with other objects
quark
quark
e
gluon
Z
e
antiquark
antiquark
29The Needle in the Haystack Run I
- There are 2,000,000,000,000,000
possible collisions per second. - There are 300,000 actual
collisions per second, each of them scanned. - We write 4 per second to tape.
- For each top quark making collision, there are
10,000,000,000 other types of collisions. - Even though we are very picky about the
collisions we record, we have 65,000,000 on tape. - Only 500 are top quark events.
- Weve identified 50 top quark events and expect
50 more which look like top, but arent.
Run II 10
30Top Facts
- Discovery announced March 1995
- Produced in pairs
- Decays very rapidly 10-24 seconds
- You cant see top quarks!!!
- Six objects after collision
Theorists View
31Top Facts
- In each event, a top and anti-top
quark is created. - 100 of the time, a top quark decays
into a bottom quark and a W boson. - A W boson can decay into two quarks or into a
charged lepton and a neutrino. - So, an event in which top quarks are
produced should have - 6 quarks
- 4 quarks, a charged lepton and a neutrino
- 2 quarks, 2 charged leptons and 2 neutrinos
32Combining Viewpoints
33The Challenge
4 quarks, 1 lepton, 1 neutrino
End on view top antitop
Jets in God Mode
Jets in Don Mode
?
?
?
Algorithm Reality
Algorithm
?
?
?
Guess!!!!
Dont know who goes with what
Know (1) W ? ? ?
MW2 (Em En)2 - (pm pn)2 (2) Mt
Manti-t (3) t ? W b
anti-t ? W b
Note combinations
jet m n
jet jet jet
34Top Quark Run I The Summary
- The top quark was discovered in 1995
- Mass known to 3 (the most accurately known quark
mass) - The mass of one top quark is 175 times as heavy
as a proton (which contains three quarks)
Why???
35In 1964, Peter Higgs postulated a physics
mechanism which gives all particles their
mass. This mechanism is a field which permeates
the universe. If this postulate is correct,
then one of the signatures is a particle
(called the Higgs Particle). Fermilabs Leon
Lederman co-authored a book on the subject
called The God Particle.
Undiscovered!
36LEP observes significant Higgs candidates for a
mass of 115 GeV with a statistical significance
of 2.7? and compatible with the expected rate
and distribution of search channels. Chris
Tully, Fermilab Colloquium 13-Dec-2000
Non-Expert Translation Maybe we see something,
maybe we dont. What we see is consistent with
being a Higgs Particle. But it could end up
being nothing. Its Fermilabs turn.
37Higgs Hunting at the Tevatron
- If you know the Higgs mass, then the production
cross section and decays are all calculable
within the Standard Model - inclusive Higgs cross section is quite high
- 1pb 1000 events/year
- but the dominant decay H ? bb is swamped by
background - thus the best bet appears to be associated
production of H plus a W or Z - leptonic decays of W/Z help give
- the needed background rejection
- 0.2 pb 200 events/year
38Is a Fermilab Higgs Search Credible?
mH probability density, J. Ellis
(hep-ph/0011086)
- LEP incorrect
- Rule out with 95 certainty by 2003
- LEP correct
- Similar quality evidence 2004-2005
- Discovery quality evidence 2007
- Higgs exists but is heavier than
LEP suggests - Depends on how heavy
- DØ and CDF have a good shot on seeing maybe and
possibly absolutely quality evidence
39Is a Fermilab Higgs Search Credible? Good
News/Bad News
- So its a wash...similar problem to Run I top
search - Except...
- Events which look like Higgs but arent are much
more numerous. - An irony...top quarks are a big piece of the
noise obscuring Higgs searches.
40Run II What are we going to find?
Improve top quark mass and measure decay
modes. Do Run I more accurately
Supersymmetry, Higgs, Technicolor, particles
smaller than quarks, something unexpected?
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