Ch. 15 Bones, Muscles, and Skin

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Ch. 15 Bones, Muscles, and Skin
Dude, I can make that play! Did you hear about
my SportsCenter play going big fly against the
Dodgers? Blake who?
This guy to my right uses his bones, muscles, and
skin to make a SportsCenter Highlight!
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Section 1 Body Organization and Homeostasis -
cells -gt tissue -gt organs -gt organ systems cell
is the most basic unit of structure in a living
thing smallest part that is actually alive
human body has about 100 trillion cells most
can not be seen without a microscope cell
membrane is the outside boundary nucleus is the
control center and contains the DNA cytoplasm
is between the cell membrane and nucleus cells
carry on the processes (chemical reactions) that
keep the body alive
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- Tissues are groups of cells that perform the
same function 4 basic types of tissues muscle
tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue, and
epithelial tissue muscle tissue movement by
contacting or shortening nerve tissue carries
messages back and forth between brain and every
part of body connective tissue supports and
connects body parts (ex. Bone, fat, ligaments,
etc.) epithelial tissue protects the
structures that lie below it (ex. Skin,
digestive track, stomach)
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- Organs made up of different types of tissues
working together on a specific job ex. Stomach
organ system is a group of organs working
together for a major body function ex. Stomach
is part of the digestive systems
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Circulatory System blood, veins, arteries,
heart, etc. used in movement of bloodDigestive
System break down food and absorb into blood
streamEndocrine System hormonesImmune System
keeping you free if infection and illness
Muscular System responsible for body movement
and moving food through digestive systemNervous
System controls senses and sending signals from
brain to all body parts Reproductive System
produces sex cells, and offspring Respiratory
System organs used in breathing Skeletal
System bones Skin regulates body temperature
and keeps foreign invaders out
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- homeostasis internal environment kept stable
despite changes in the external environment ex.
Body temperature Stress is forces from the
outside world impinging on the individual -
Stress is a normal part of life that can help us
learn and grow. uncontrolled stress can cause
us significant problems - Stress releases
powerful neurochemicals and hormones that prepare
us for action (to fight or flee) - If we don't
take action, the stress response can lead to
health problems - Prolonged, uninterrupted,
unexpected, and unmanageable stresses are the
most damaging types of stress.
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Workout/Stress
Recover
Recover
Workout/Stress
Exhaustion
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Immediate physical reactions to stress - more
blood to brain- hearing ability increases-
sweating increases- muscles tense up- blood
receives more energy releasing substances-
pupils dilate (get bigger)- heart rate increases
- digestive system slows down- more flight of
fight chemicals released into blood (ex.
adrenaline)
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Long term stress is bad can not keep your body
in homeostasis can become tired, ill,
irritable, trouble eating, etc. stress is part
of life and you can not avoid it need to learn
how to manage it stress can be good too ex.
Working out, playing sports, being physical
outside - motivating you to do something, makes
you get better, teaches you to deal with other
kinds of stress that will come up in your life,
makes you communicate with others NEED TO LEARN
YOUR OWN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AND LISTEN TO YOUR
BODY- when out of control you need to be able to
ask for help
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Section 2 The Skeletal System-5 major functions
1) provides shape and support internal
frame 2) enables you to move along with
skeletal muscle 3) protects your internal organs
ex. Ribcage 4) produces blood cells in bone
marrow 5) stores certain materials until your
body needs them (calcium)
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- strong yet light weight made of phosphorus
and calcium also contain blood and nerve
tissues and cells respond to their environment
by making more bone if needed blood vessels and
nerves enter through the membrane that covers all
the bone except the ends below membrane is
compact bone that is not solid canals run
through the compact bone carrying blood vessels
and nerves remember that the bone is alive and
needs oxygen and nutrients from blood
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a spongy bone layer found below the compact
bone also found at the ends of bones spongy
bone makes it lightweight but strong -bone marrow
found in the middle of the bone after the spongy
bone 2 types of marrow red and yellow red
makes blood cells and yellow stores fat as energy
source
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- Cartilage is a connective tissue that is more
flexible than bone as an infant much of your
bone is cartilage but later gets replaced by bone
nose is cartilage as well as between joints -
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immovable joints connect bones in a way that they
become fused together and do not move around
ex. Skull movable joints allow movements ball
and socket joint allows the greatest range of
motion can move in a circle ex. Hips or
shoulderspivot joint allows bone to rotate
around another ex. neckhinge joint allows for
forward and backward motion like a door ex.
Elbow or kneegliding joint allows a bone to
slide over another bone ex. Wrist or ankle
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Ligaments are connective tissue that connects the
ends of bones together - cartilage keeps bones
from rubbing on one another fluid lubricates
the joints
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- To take care of your bones you need to eat a
healthy diet with plenty of calcium regular
exercise makes bones denser osteoporosis
mineral loss from bones making them weak and
brittle more common in women than men
drinking soda or carbonated drinks pulls Calcium
out of bones creating calcium carbonate body
needs calcium for strong bones and muscle
contraction
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Section 3 The Muscular System- involuntary
muscles are responsible for doing things we dont
have to consciously think about like digestion,
breathing, heart, etc. voluntary muscles are
under your control ex. Muscles used in your
movement
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- 3 types of muscle tissue1) skeletal muscle
attached to your skeleton and responsible for
body movement - tendons attach muscle to bone -
made of fast twitch and slow twitch muscle
fibers2) smooth muscle found inside many
internal organs - ex. used in digestion3)
cardiac muscle found in heart

Cardiac Muscle Cell Beating (contracting)
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- muscle can only shorten (contract) therefore
muscles work in pairs muscle on the other side
contracts to bring front muscle back to original
shape - ex. Biceps and triceps need to have
balanced strength to keep from injury - nervous
system sends messages to tell them to contract
nervous system also responsible for how much
force the muscle will be allowed to generate to
keep them from tarring (Golgi Tendon Organs)
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Taking care of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and
bones 1) warm up brings blood into muscle 2)
stretching after warm up to keep from tarring
muscle increased flexibility allows greater
range of motion and prevents tears3) Larger
muscles generate more force, burn more
calories, healthier bones and joints done with
progressive overload make small increases in
resistance over period of time 4) Stay hydrated
to keep from cramping5) take care of injuries
RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation
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Levers in the Body-force is a push or pull on an
object work force exerted on an object making
it move machines devices that help you do
work lever a ridged object that pivots or
rotates around a fixed point fulcrum is the
fixed point around which the lever rotates
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When a pushing or pulling force is applied on
some part of the lever, the lever rotates about
the fulcrum. The lever then exerts a force
(usually greater) on some object force put on
the lever is INPUT FORCE for put on the object
is OUTPUT FORCE mechanical advantage how much
easier it is to do the work with the machine
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Classes Of Levers
- bone is the lever, joint is the fulcrum, muscle
is the input force
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Section 4 The Skin- protects body from water
loss, protects body from injury and infection,
helps regulate body temperature, eliminates
wastes, gathers information about the
environment, and produces vitamin D from sunlight
2 main layers are the dermis and epidermis
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- Epidermis is the outer most layer of skin no
nerves or blood vessels to it thinner than
dermis life cycle has the epidermis skin cell
start deep and gradually move up as it matures
after about 2 weeks it dies and becomes the outer
most layer shed and replaced by the dead cells
below produce nails and melanin (skin pigment)
skin color helps protect the skin from burning
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- Dermis is the layer below contains nerve and
blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, and oil glands
- sweat comes out of pores and hair grows out of
follicles oil produced to waterproof the hair
and to moisturize the skin -
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- to care for your skin you must eat healthy
diet, drink plenty of water, limit exposure to
the sun (cancer), and keep skin clean and dry
acne is a bacterial infection that happens when
oil glands get clogged happens more during teen
years because body producing more oil washing
will only help so much see a doctor for
prescription medications fungal infections can
happen in areas that are warm and moist
You would buy a product just because I said it
worked. Wouldnt you?