LIBSPOSSOC 245: City and Citizenship 03032004

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Course Agenda Today.
• Questions from last week?
• Midterm Exam next Wednesday (March 10).
• Example of blue book.
• Discuss Midterm review sheet end of class.
• Website http//faculty.roosevelt.edu/erickson/cou
  rses/pos245spr04/.
• Readings/Lecture.
• Federalism and City Autonomy.
• Gay marriage debate continues.
• Urban Crises Riots, Demonstrations, Ethnic and
  Political/Ideological Minorities.
• Presentations Haymarket, 1965 Voting Rights Act,
  Riots, Education and Segregation.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Gay Marriage debate as continuing example of
  federalism and urban politics.
• Massachusetts.
• State Supreme Court.
• Legislature could not agree.
• California.
• Schwarzeneger opposes Bush constitutional
  amendment proposal.
• San Francisco.
• Weddings continue.
• New York.
• Mayor threatened with arrest.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Urban Crises.
• Strikes, Demonstrations, and Riots.
• Labor Mobilization in US.
• Context of Haymarket Riots.
• Early mobilization of labor.
• Anarchist, Anarcho-Syndicalism, Communist -
  transnational ideological diffusion via
  immigration.
• Labor faces violent repression, also responds
  with violence.
• Both urban and rural confrontations, especially
  in mining areas in American west and coal fields.
• Knights of Labor in Chicago.
• Fusion of Class, Ethnic, and Ideological
  tensions.
• Chicago not unique in terms of levels of labor
  related violence in late 19th century.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• African-Americans and Urban Politics.
• Ethnic dimension of urban politics is at the core
  of political dynamics in most major US cities.
• 100 largest cities 24 residents
  African-American, 22.5 Latino, Asian 7,
  non-Latino whites - 44.
• Majority-minority cities.
• Connected to dynamics that will also produce
  majority-minority United States.
• Hypersegregation in Urban Cores.
• Index of dissimilarity.
• Suburbanization and segregation.
• Figure 5.1 in Harrigan and Vogel.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Social/Political Consequences of Segregation.
• Desegregation most important challenge.
• Deep historical roots.
• Aggravation of social problems.
• Source of strength.
• Ghettos as possible ethnic traps.
• Civil Rights Movement.
• Post-Civil War repression of African-Americans
  continues.
• Reconstruction only goes so far in eliminating
  infrastructure of American apartheid/slave
  system.
• Lynching, mob violence Klan activity/terrorism.
• Intense segregation/discrimination in
  Southeastern United States and throughout country.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Civil Rights Movement (context).
• Extensive system of discrimination.
• Systematic police surveillance and harassment.
• Workplace discrimination.
• Occasionally eased during First and Second World
  War.
• Mobilization Waves.
• 1905 WEB Du Bois and Niaga Movement.
• 1909 NAACP.
• Legal Defense Fund Critical.
• 1953 Brown vs. Board of Education.
• 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott.
• SCLC and SNCC.
• Continued Mobilization and White Backlash
  (especially in South).

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Civil Rights Movement (context).
• Extensive system of discrimination.
• Systematic police surveillance and harassment.
• Workplace discrimination.
• Occasionally eased during First and Second World
  War.
• Mobilization Waves.
• 1905 WEB Du Bois and Niaga Movement.
• 1909 NAACP.
• Legal Defense Fund Critical.
• 1953 Brown vs. Board of Education.
• 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott.
• SCLC and SNCC.
• Continued Mobilization and White Backlash
  (especially in South).

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• 1964 Civil Rights Act.
• No discrimination in public accommodations.
• Desegregation of all government facilities.
• School desegregation.
• Civil Rights Commission.
• Federal Funds no discrimination.
• Equal Employment Opportunity.
• Voting Rights.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Black Power and Racial Violence.
• Growing crisis in Civil Rights movement.
• Divisions appear.
• Parallel with crisis in Anti-War movement.
• Vietnam War escalating.
• Casualty differentials undermine legitimacy of
  war effort.
• Sacrifice abroad continued discrimination and
  repression at home.
• Internal Colonialism.
• Black Nationalism/Black Power/Fusion of Black
  Nationalism with Marxism.
• Malcolm X (Nation of Islam) - assassinated 1965
• Black Panther Party - 1966.
• Target of massive surveillance and disruption
  program involving federal state and local law
  enforcement.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Black Panther Party (continued).
• FBI COINTELPROs.
• FBI Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading
  Room.
• Example of growing anger and militancy.
• Linkages to other ideological allies.
• Violent interaction between police and BPP.
• Later in semester case study of Daley and BPP.
• Shooting of Freddie Hampton.
• Other cities also have violent interaction with
  BPP and other Black Nationalist Black Power
  organizations.
• Los Angeles.
• New York.
• San Francisco/Oakland area.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Urban Riots.
• Conjunction of Structural Conditions.
• Catalytic or triggering event.
• Distinction between demonstrations, skirmishes
  between demonstrators and police, and riot.
• 1960s Riots in United States.
• Anti-War demonstrations.
• Structural Condition.
• Triggers.
• Locations University campuses, military bases,
  city cores.
• Urban Riots.
• Structural Condition.
• Triggers.
• Locations Urban cores, especially
  hyper-segregated ghettos.
• Riots effect on security apparatus.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004
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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Politics of Advancement.
• 1970s to present.
• Broadening of focus of African-American politics.
• NAACP and Legal Defense Fund still active.
• CORE, SCLC lose dynamism.
• Black Panther Party - destroyed - legacy
  continues to be powerful.
• New Black Panther Party.
• Changes due to Civil Rights movement, riots, and
  federal, state, and local legal and
  administrative procedures.
• Lay down foundation for African-American voting
  power.
• 1965 Voting Rights Act and its enforcement.
• 1970 1,469 African American elected officials.
• 1999 8,896 African American elected officials.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Presentation re Voting Rights Act.
• Key provisions
• Voting Examiners.
• Literacy Tests.
• Prior-Approval Requirement.
• Enforcement Machinery.
• Dilution of African American Influence.
• At Large Elections.
• Qualitative and quantitative data show at large
  elections produce discriminatory outcomes -
  ward/district better.
• Annexation.
• Court enforcement and rulings.
• Uneven Supreme Court rulings.
• Redistricting/racial gerrymandering.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• African-American Political Incorporation.
• Levels of incorporation (Browning, Marshall, and
  Tabb).
• Weak mobilization and exclusion.
• Protest and exclusion.
• Weak mobilization and incorporation.
• Biracial electoral alliance and incorporation.
• Incorporation benefits.
• Public sector employment.
• Aggressive use of affirmative action.
• Appointment of African Americans into hiring
  personnel units.
• Distribution of contracts.
• Funding distribution changes.
• Education funding.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Dual strategy of African Mayors.
• Stimulate economic development.
• Expand opportunities in public sector.
• Urban redevelopment projects.
• Establishes interesting coalitional parameters.
• Class based politics not embraced.
• VO Key - segregation in South post-Reconstruction
  to prevent Populist class-based inter-ethnic
  coalition.
• Must ally with downtown business community.
• Willie Brown - San Francisco Mayor before Newsom
  an example.
• Public Sector Opportunities.
• Key variables size of African American population
  and presence or absence of African American
  mayor.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Limits of Incorporation.
• Central City Governments can not deal with
  consequence of hyper-segregation on their own.
• City governments have resource limitations.
• Federal dollars needed.
• Not likely under current Bush Administration.
• Imbroscio.
• Black leaders could challenge structural and
  resource constraints.
• Alternative development strategies.
• Develop local business instead of attracting
  outside business to downtown core.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Fourth Wave Immigrants.
• Latinos and Urban politics.
• Mexican Americans.
• Economic Deprivation.
• Oppression.
• Cultural Nationalism.
• Mexican American Mayors.
• Cuban Americans.
• Miami core base of power.
• Strong Anti-communism.
• Effect national politics.
• African American - Cuban relations tense.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Concern of Fourth Wave Immigrants.
• Immigration.
• Bilingualism.
• Jobs.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Rainbow Coalition - Inter-ethnic and other
  configuration of diverse coalitions to govern
  cities.
• Term coined by Jessie Jackson.
• Why not earlier emergence in lower class European
  immigrants?
• Fragmentary pressures ethnic, religious,
  privatism, upward mobility.
• Multi-Ethnic Coalitions.
• Difficult due to differences in ethnic group
  voting preferences.
• Possible alliances.
• Multi-ethnic and class.
• Minority and Liberals.
• African American Latino.
• Difficult - Tom Bradley as example.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship03/03/2004

• Bias and City Politics.
• Non-middle class portions of ethnic minorities
  face biases.
• Economic/opportunity disadvantages.
• Hypersegregation, ghetto as trap.
• Governmental Reforms (to break power of machines)
  loosen ethnic bloc power.
• Inability of multi-ethnic lower class coalition
  to materialized.
• Current ethnic politics not like machine based
  ethnic politics.
• Patronage not the same as affirmative action
  programs.