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Targets for ecological restoration

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Title: Targets for ecological restoration


1
Targets for ecological restoration
  • Robert K. Peet
  • University of North Carolina

2
1. Introduction
  • Why me? Im not a restoration ecologist.
  • Icon an object of uncritical
    devotionespecially a traditional belief or
    ideal
  • My icon a simple model for how to conduct
    ecological restoration.
  • My approach A Carolina case study
  • Goal ecological function biodiversity

3
2. A methodological icon
  • Document reference conditions
  • Derive restoration targets
  • Design site-specific restoration plan
  • Implement the plan
  • Monitor change and assess success
  • Employ adaptive management

4
3. Carolina Vegetation Survey
  • Multi-institutional collaborative study to
    document and understand the natural vegetation of
    the Carolinas.
  • High-quality, quantitative records of reference
    vegetation

5
Over 5000 plots, containing over 2600 species,
representing over 200 vegetation types.
Reference data collection is an on-going activity
6
4. North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program
  • The EEP mission is to restore, enhance,
    preserve and protect the functions associated
    with wetlands, streams, and riparian areas,
    including restoration, maintenance and
    protection of water quality and riparian habitats

7
Ecosystem Enhancement Program
Biennial Budget FY 2005/06 and 2006-07 Cost by
Category Total 175,077,880
Summary Administration
9,477,939 Restoration
102,910,770 HQ Preservation
57,984,804 Project Development
4,704,366 Includes Implementation and Biennial
Total 175,077,880 Future
Mitigation Projects
8
Stream Restoration Durham, NC
9
5. Traditional EEP method
  • Consult brief habitat-based plant lists
  • Design a site-specific restoration plan
  • Implement the plan
  • Monitor survival of planted stems 5 yrs
  • Replant if needed

10
6. EEP-CVS Collaboration
  • EEP wants to do a better job creating natural
    ecosystems.
  • CVS provides improved reference data, target
    design, monitoring, and data management and
    analysis

11
7. Reference site initiative
  • Goal move from modest species lists to a
    quantitative plot database and high-resolution
    community classification with quantitative
    descriptions and defined environmental settings.

12
8. Target generation
  • Simple goal Deliver composition goal based on
    the vegetation type most appropriate for the site
    and region.
  • Sophisticated goal. Automated system that uses
    site data to generate likely NVC types, from
    which compositional goals are extracted.

13
  • Longleaf pine feasibility study
  • Few longleaf pine sites remain in original
    condition.
  • Restoration targets must be extrapolated from a
    limited number of reference stands.

14
  • Dataset
  • 188 plots across fall-line sandhills of NC, SC,
    GA
  • - All sites contained near-natural,
    fire-maintained groundlayer vegetation
  • - Soil attributes included for both the A and B
    horizon sand, silt, clay, Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Mn,
    Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, BD, pH, organic content, CEC, BS.

15
Step 1. Classification. Developed a
classification of the major vegetation types of
the ecoregion. Used cluster analysis with a
matrix of 188 plots x 619 species. Vegetation
types were seen to be differentiated with respect
to soil texture, moisture, nutrient status,
geography.
16
  • Step 2. Build model.
  • - Forward selection with linear discriminant
    analysis identified predictor variables.
  • Critical variables were Latitude, Manganese,
    Phosphorus, Clay, Longitude.
  • 75 of plots correctly identified to series.
    Typically 75 of communities within a series that
    were correctly classified.

17
  • Step 3. Select species.
  • Generate a list of all species in type (species
    pool) with frequency, mean cover values, and mean
    richness.
  • Randomly order the list
  • Compare species frequency to random number
    between 0 1, and if the random number is less
    than the proportion of plots the species is
    selected. Continue until the number in list of
    selected species equals the number predicted.

18
  • Overall strategy
  • Identify biogeographic region and obtain
    predictive models.
  • Select pool of candidate species for a specific
    site based on range information.
  • Divide restoration site into environmentally
    homogenous areas, stratifying by topography and
    soil.
  • Use models to select species number and
    composition.

19
9. Monitoring CVS methods
20
  • Trade off between detail and time.
  • EEP protocol seamlessly integrates with CVS
    methods by allowing a series of sampling levels.
  • MS-Access data-entry tool to assure standardize
    data, easy assimilation, and automated quality
    control.
  • Standard backend database for reports and analysis

21
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22
10. Reports Analysis
  • Datasheets for monitoring
  • Survival growth of planted stems
  • Direction of compositional change
  • Rate of change
  • Problems needing attention, such as exotic
    species

23
CVS-EEP Training is essential
24
11. Reference stand issues
  • Reference stand conditions may be difficult to
    achieve because of altered
  • Soil nutrients
  • Herbivory
  • Hydology
  • Exotic species, and diseases
  • Disturbance regimes
  • Sea level
  • Climate

25
12. Concluding remarks
  • The iconic model, although analytically simple,
    provides a firm foundation.
  • My case study lacks the sophisticated but
    impractical approaches generally advocated at an
    ESA symposium, yet it improves on a highly
    respected program.
  • Dont forget Robert Mays observation that
    ecology is a science of contingent
    generalization. The CVS method focuses on
    contingencies of site and history.
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