Efficiency gains

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Policies
IT Architecture
Efficiency gains Performance gains
Knowledge gains
Administration
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S Y N E R G Y
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Input Process Output Storage
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Computer Literacy hardware components communicatio
ns /networks programming languages software
applications Information Literacy how to find
information how to analyze information how to use
information
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A Computer is. . .

• 1. An electronic device,
• 2. operating under the control of instructions
  stored in its own memory unit,
• 3. that can accept data (input),
• 4. process data arithmetically and logically,
• 5. produce results (output) from the processing,
  and
• 6. store results for future use.

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Input is. . . ?

• Entering data, programs, commands, and user
  responses into memory
• Data - raw facts
• Programs - stored instructions that direct the
  computer
• Commands - keywords and phrases that direct the
  computer
• User responses - responses to questions or
  messages from the software

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Process is. . . ?
the computer manipulates data (numbers, words,
images, sounds) . . .and organizes the data to
create information that has meaning and is
useful. system behavior is determined by
arithmetic and logical rules
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Output is. . . ?
Audio output Graphics Reports Video Output
Hard copy Soft copy Other types
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Storage is. . .?
Area for storing instructions and data when they
are not in use. . . Often function as an input
source
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Categories of Computers personal
computers servers minicomputers mainframe
computers supercomputers
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Physical Transmission Media Wireless Transmission
Media Networks
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How Communications are Used

• Electronic mail (e-mail)
• Voice mail
• Facsimile (fax)
• Telecommuting
• Videoconferencing

• Electronic data interchange
• Global Positioning Systems
• Online Services
• Groupware
• Bulletin Board Systems

General Concepts - Communications
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Physical Transmission Media Twisted-pair
Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable
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Physical Transmission Media
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Wireless Transmission Media Broadcast
Radio Cellular Radio Microwaves Communications
Satellite Infrared
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temporary connection
3 to 24 signals
asymmetric
Up to 24 signals
Up to 672 signals
dedicated (leased) connection
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Networks Local Area Networks Wide Area
Networks Intranets Internet
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Client Server
file server database server web server print
server e-mail server firewall server
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Internet
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application software programs are designed to
perform a specific task
Productivity/business Graphic design/multimedia Ho
me/personal/education Communications
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Enterprise Systems Workflow Systems Document
Management Systems Data Warehouse
Systems Geographic Information Systems Electronic
Government
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Enterprise Systems
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Workflow Systems
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Document Management Systems

• Version tracking see how a document evolves over
  time
• Document sharing see in what business processes
  the document is used and re-used
• Electronic review enable users to add their
  comments to a document without actually changing
  the document itself
• Document security refine the different types of
  access that different users need to the document
• Publishing management control the delivery of
  documents to different publishing process queues
• Workflow integration associate the different
  stages of a document's life-cycle with people and
  projects with schedules

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Data Warehouse Systems
Extremely large database that stores and manages
the data required to analyze historical and
current business information
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Geographic Information Systems
Portray data in a graphical / spatial context
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E-Government Defined

• Governments use of technology, particularly
  web-based Internet applications, to enhance
  access to and delivery of, government services to
  citizens, business partners, employees, and other
  governmental agencies.
• G2G, G2B, G2C, G2E

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Software Applications

• Web browser software
• Web server software
• Firewall
• Transaction server software
• Electronic payment systems
• Commerce server software

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Web Browser Software

• Allows citizens to connect with servers
• Access any number of web pages
• Follow links from document to document or page to
  page

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Web Server Software

• Allows citizens to request information
• Serves up the web pages as requested

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Firewall Server Software

• Controls the flow of traffic between two or more
  networks
• Can protect against viruses, intrusions,
  unauthorized system access

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Transaction Server Software

• On-line transaction processing (OLTP) software
• Processes data according to the rules established
  by an organization
• Programs that tell the database server how to
  handle the data

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Electronic Payment Systems

• Collect fees and levy taxes for services
• Must be safe, secure, and confidential

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Commerce Server Software

• Allows citizens to easily conduct one or more
  transactions in one visit
• Features include
• Shopping carts
• Shipping charges
• Taxes
• Payments receipts

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Metrics. . .
         Scalability - the system should be
capable of handling an increasing numbers of
users without any disruption to service.        
Flexibility the system must provide a broadly
configurable array of hardware and software
devices that do not require major
re-installations as enterprise requirements
change.         Compatibility - the system must
meet expandable configuration requirements as
well as standard industry specifications to
protect future application investment.        
Manageability the system should not demand
excessive management time and effort for
maintaining on-line operations.        
Availability - the system must be capable of
sustaining tens to hundreds of thousands of
processing transactions with minimal wait time or
downtime.
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Computers - Male or Female? A language
instructor was explaining to her class that
French nouns, unlike their English counterparts,
are grammatically designated as masculine or
feminine. Things like 'chalk' or 'pencil,' she
described, would have a gender association
although in English these words were neutral.
Puzzled, one student raised his hand and asked,
"What gender is a computer?" The teacher wasn't
certain which it was, and so divided the class
into two groups and asked them to decide if a
computer should be masculine or feminine. One
group was comprised of the women in the class,
and the other, of men. Both groups were asked to
give four reasons for their recommendation.