Kinetic Theory of Matter KTM

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Kinetic Theory of Matter (KTM)

• Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

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Tenets of theory

• All matter is made of particles
• These particles are in motion
• As the temperature increases, the motion
  increases

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Gases relate well to the KTM

• Gas particles are small compared to the space
  between them
• As we lower the temperature on a gas, it shrinks
• An ideal gas could shrink to nothing at absolute
  zero

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Properties of gases in KTM

• Pressure is the collisions of gas particles with
  the sides of the container
• Increasing the size of the container will result
  in fewer collisions (and lower pressure)
• Adding heat will increase the number of
  collisions (and pressure)
• Decreasing the volume will result in more
  collisions (and increase the pressure)

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Ideal gas v. Real gas
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From gas to liquid

• Particles are moving slower (lower temperature)
• Particles stick to each other (attraction between
  particles) the macroscopic liquid has a
  definite volume
• Particles move relative to each other the
  macroscopic liquid takes the shape of the
  container

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From liquid to solid

• The particles have much less kinetic energy
  (lower temperature still)
• The particles jiggle in place but do not move
  past each other (definite volume and shape)

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http//www.cofc.edu/martine/111LectWeek1.htm
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Other forms of matter
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Amorphous solids

• There is no crystal lattice, just a poorly
  organized cluster of particles
• The material becomes more fluid gradually, rather
  than having a narrow melting point

• http//www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/Community
  College/Materials/Structure/solidstate.htm

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Liquid crystals

• When these substances change from solid to
  liquid, the maintain their crystal lattice in 1
  or 2 dimensions

• http//www.dataweb.clrc.ac.uk/Activity/GallerySEC
  TION6972

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Plasma

• A gas with so much energy that the atoms
  disassociate into electrons and positive nuclei

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_scaling