GEO 565 Options

1
(No Transcript)
2
GEO 565 Options

• Option 1 - Term Paper
• Option 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series)
• Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the
  web
  
• Choose which option you want by Tue., January
  20th
  
• Term Papers or uploading of web site due by 500,
  Fri., March 13th
  
• NO EXTENSIONS!

3
GEO 565 Term Paper (1)

• 20 pages (double-spaced) INCLUDING figures and
  references
  
• MS-word doc sent by email preferred
• flexible on subject matter of paper
• specify and follow a scholarly journal format!!
• specify key words
• points will be subtracted if these specifications
  are omitted

4
Suggested Content

• look at current uses of GIS in your area of
  interest
  
• other fields
• identify potential for furthering research
• research/management questions
• describe a study in progress (proposal?)

5
GEO 565 Annotated Bibliography (3)

• MUST be web-based
• Dont know HTML? Dont panic! Resources will be
  available - its easy!
  
• Upload your page(s) by Friday, March 13th, 500
  p.m.
  
• See dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html

6
GEO 565 Project (2)

• Find your own data, do an analysis and create the
  maps using ArcGIS or other GIS
  
• Submit a proposal by Jan. 20th
• Detailed instructions and examples at
  dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html
  
• Must STILL complete Labs 1-6
• 10 pages writeup, flow chart maps
• Due 800 p.m., Mar. 16th - NO final exam

7
What is GIS?What is GIScience?

• Longley et al., Preface, Chapter 1

8
(No Transcript)
9
Some Basic GIS Concepts...

• Mapping is key but is NOT the whole story.
• A GIS is NOT simply for MAKING maps
• maps at different scales, projections, colors
• not simply for STORING maps or images.
• In fact, it stores the DATA from which these are
  created.
  

10
An Analysis Tool...

• for every piece of data it specifies
• what it is
• where it is
• how it relates to other pieces of data
• things in common
• see spatial relationships or create NEW
  relationships

11
Geographic Information System

• Container of data
• Container of maps
• Inventory of geographically distributed features
  and facilities
  
• Computerized tool to automate time-consuming
  tasks
  
• Analysis tools for solving geographic problems
• Spatial decision support system
• Method for revealing patterns and processes in
  geographic information
  

12
Geographic Information System

• Organized collection of
• Software
• Hardware
• Network
• Data
• People
• Procedures

13
Major Questions for a GIS

• What exists at a certain location?
• Where are certain conditions satisfied?
• What has changed in a place over time?
• What spatial patterns exist?
• What if this condition occurred at this place?
  (modelling, hypothesis testing)

14
For example...

• Toxic Substance Locations
• District 24
• District 16
• 14 George Boulevard
• Proposed School Locations
• 124 Elm Street
• 35 White Road

15
Toxic Substances
16
Information on the World

• How it looks Form or Pattern
• How it works Process
• Knowledge about process more valuable than form,
  because can be used to predict
  
• GIS combine
• General scientific knowledge in software
• Specific information in databases

17
Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
18
Major Questions for YOU...

• What ARE my questions?
• How much data do I need and of what quality?
• How can I combine my data to answer my questions?

19
The Process of GIS (i.e., GIScience)

• Think about a place or a topic ...
• Ask a question about it ...
• Analyze data to make a map ...
• Explore the patterns that appear ...
• Enhance the data or modify the analysis ...
• Ask a new question
• Repeat ...

20
Spatial and Non-Spatial Data
21
Defining GIS

• Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in
  different areas and disciplines.
  
• map coordinates,
• database,
• computer-based link between them.
• All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data
  are unique because they are linked to maps.

22
Geographically-referenced data

• Latitude and longitude
• Street address
• x and y coordinates
• Range and township
• Location shown on a map

23
The Data Model

• A conceptual description (mental model) of how
  data are organized for use by the GIS
  
• GISs have traditionally used either field or
  object data models

24
A Field Data Model Uses a Raster or Grid Data
Structure.
25
Rasters are Faster...

• maps directly onto computer memory structure
  (array).
  
• easy to understand, read, write, draw

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
Rasters are Faster...

• natural for scanned or remotely sensed data.
• continuous surfaces (e.g., topography)
• spatial analytical operations are faster.
• compression is easier

29
(No Transcript)
30
Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
31
An Object Model uses a Vector (Arc/Node) Data
Structure

• Object data model evolved into the arc/node
  variation in the 1960s.
  
• Points in sequence build lines.
• Lines have a direction - nodes or ordering of the
  points.
  
• Lines in sequence build polygons.

32
Object Model Featuring Arcs and Nodes
33
Object/Vector Feature Types
Feature Type Single Part Multi-Part
Point Line Area Annotation
H
I
G
10
H
W
Y
A
34
Vectors and Topology

• Vectors without topology are spaghetti
  structures.
  
• Points, lines, and areas
• stored in their own files, with links between
  them.
  
• stored w/ topology (i.e. the connecting arcs and
  left and right polygons).
  
• Relationships are computed and stored

35
Topology Graphic
2, -7, 5, 6
36
Rasters are Faster, but Vectors are
Correcter...

• Vectors can represent point, line, and area
  features very accurately.
  
• Far more efficient than grids.
• Work well with GPS receivers.
• Not as good with continuous phenomena.

37
Rasters and Vectors
Now YOU!
38
Attributes and their Types

• Nominal, e.g., land cover class
• Ordinal, e.g., a ranking
• Interval, e.g., Celsius temperature
• Differences make sense
• Ratio, e.g., map scale
• Ratios make sense
• Cyclic, e.g., wind direction

39
Attributes in a Database

• Attribute data are stored logically in flat
  files.
  
• i.e., matrix of numbers and values stored in rows
  and columns, like a spreadsheet.

40
Distinguishing Characteristics of a GIS vs. Other
Systems

• provides links between points, lines, areas,
  grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database
  

• provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of
• spatial data

• spatially intelligent - thinks points,
  lines, areas, grids are actual spots on earths
  surface - e.g., switching projections, computing
  distances

41
GIS Layers,Themes,Overlays
42
Analysis or Geoprocessing
43
GIS is a multi-Billion dollar business.

• annual software revenues top 1 billion,
  increasing 14 yearly
  
• ESRI and Intergraph software revenues account for
  1/2 of industry total
  
• GIS industry now at 7 BILLION

44
Open Source GIS quantum GIS - qgis.orguDIG -
uDIG.refractions.netGRASS - grass.itc.it
45
GIS as an approach to science

• Geographic Information Science is research both
  on and with GIS.
  
• the generic issues that surround the use of GIS
  technology, impede its successful implementation,
  or emerge from an understanding of its potential
  capabilities. (Goodchild, 1992)

46
GISci GIScience GIS T

• Geographic information science
• U.S., geography, UCGIS
• to GIS as statistics is to the statistical
  packages
  
• The science behind the systems
• Fundamental issues arising from use
• The science that is done with the technology
• Systematic study of geographic information using
  scientific methods
  

47
A New Discipline?

• Symptoms of a science
• journals, terms, books, conferences, departments,
  heroes, cultural artifacts
  
• grand challenges
• What would we say to Albert Einstein or Stephen
  Hawking?
  
• As young man, my fondest dream was to become a
  geographer. However, while working in the customs
  office I thought deeply about the matter and
  concluded that it was far too difficult a
  subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to
  physics as a substitute.

48
GIScience - Contributing Disciplines

• GIS
• Remote Sensing
• Cartography
• Surveying (Geomatics)
• Geodesy (GPS)
• Landscape Ecology

• Statistics
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Information Science
• Operations Research
• Management Science
• Psychology, Sociology
• More

49
GIS, GIScience, GIS T

• GISystems (GIS)
• Emphasis on technology and tools
• GIScience (GISci), GIScience Technology (GIS
  T)
  
• Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and
  related technologies (e.g.)
  
• Spatial analysis
• Map projections
• Accuracy
• Scientific visualization

50
Major Journals/Mags.

• International Journal of Geographical
  Information Science
  
• Cartography and Geographic Information Science
• Transactions in GIS
• Geospatial Solutions
• GEOWorld

51
Specialty Journals

• Business Geographics
• GIS Law
• Mapping Awareness
• GrassClippings
• Arc User
• Intergraph News
• GIS Asia/Pacific
• GIS World Report/CANADA
• GIS Europe

52
Regular GISci Scholarly Papers

• Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
• Annals of the Association of American
  Geographers
  
• Cartographica
• Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems
• Computers and Geosciences
• IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and
  Applications

53
Occasional GISci Scholarly Papers

• International Journal of Remote Sensing
• Landscape Ecology
• Cartographic Perspectives
• Cartographica
• Journal of Cartography
• Geocarto International
• IEEE Geosciences
• Remote Sensing Review
• Mapping Science and Remote Sensing
• Infoworld

54
Professional Organizations

• AAG The Association of American Geographers.
• GITA Geospatial Information Technology Assoc.
  (formerly AM/FM)
  
• URISA Urban and Regional Information Systems
  Association.
  
• ACSM American Congress on Surveying and
  Mapping.
  
• ASPRS American Society for Photogrammetry and
  Remote Sensing.
  
• UCGIS University Consortium for Geographic
  Information Science
  

55
Willamette Valley GIS User Group

• www.orurisa.org/wgisug/

56
ESRI Conferences

• ESRI Education and User Conferences. Every year
  in San Diego.
  
• regional meetings as well
• 2009 Summer Internship Program
• careers.esri.com
• Applications due March 1, 2009

57
Conferences ( cont. )

• GIS in Action - Oregon URISA
• April 21-22 in Vancouver, WA
• NE Oregon GIS Conference
• UCGIS Summer Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, June 22-23
• Theme Complex systems science

58
GIS in Action 2009 Needs Student Volunteers!

• Work registration desk, monitor rooms
• Free conference registration
• Need to work at least half-day shift
• Great opportunity to network with GIS
  professionals
  
• Contact Anne Hillyer, akhillyer_at_bpa.gov,
  360-619-6543

59
(No Transcript)