BEC COVER

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BEC COVER
Ultracold atoms andBose-Einstein condensation
Aephraim Steinberg (and the web!)
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How scientists brag...
(Does this mean much? If so, what? And who
picked the key words?)
Play your own games at the Web of Science or
INSPEC (http//isi6.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi/WO
S et al via www.library.utoronto.ca/resources/)
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HISTORY
Prehistory Fermions vs Bosons (Bose Einstein,
1924-5) periodic table versus
laser particle versus wave? 1930s London
superfluidity due to BEC? superconductivity
too? 1976 Stwalley/Noganow spin-polarized
H? 1980s Silvera/Walraven, Hess,
Kleppner, Evaporative cooling Parallel Develo
pment of laser cooling 1988 Anomalously low
temperatures! The race is on 1995 BEC in
Rb, Na, almost Li (alt0!) 1996 Nobel prize --
for Helium 3! 1997 Nobel prize -- for laser
cooling! 2001 Nobel prize -- for BEC, at long
last. now the interesting stuff!
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See http//www.nobel.se (Nobel homepage) and
http//physicsweb.org/articles/world/10/3/3 and
http//www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/ and
http//cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/ and so on...
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Phase diagram of just about anything
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HOW COLD MUST YOU GET?
Need 1 atom per cubic wavelength wavelength
1 / momentum water would need to be near 3
degrees K, but solidifies first (cf He!) Alkalis
solidify too need densities millions of times
lower than air need temperatures less than 1
uK! In particular get atoms within 1 optical
wavelength of each other, and keep their
momentum lt photon's.
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Laser cooling alone can't do it (understood by
mid 90s) steal "evaporative cooling" idea from
Hydrogen crowd.
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RF cooling, a la Ketterle (MIT)
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Number of atoms in ground state, vs
temperature A quantum phase transition.
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The third group to get there?
What would you do?
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Close to 100 BEC's by 2005.
Thirty-five new reports of laboratory
observations of BEC in atomic gases have come in
since May, 1997 July 11, 2002 Hold the
phone! July 3, 2002 First in China
June 28, 2002 Home of the whopper
April 8, 2002 Formula One in Oxford
December 21, 2001 Japan 4 December 12,
2001 BEC am Bodensee! November 21, 2001
Rubidium at NIST Gaithersburg October 31,
2001 Special K June 19, 2001 German
Micro BEC at Tübingen May 18, 2001 Vive
la difference! May 17, 2001 Strine debut
May 11, 2001 Optical route through
Georgia March 12, 2001 Grail in sight in
Holy Land! February 23, 2001 Helium work
is really hopping in France! February 16,
2001 He has arrived! January 31, 2001
It's freezing in Paris-Nord July 21,
2000 Third Japanese condensate November
21, 1999 A Pisa the action July, 1999
Dutch Treat June 23, 1999 New Rubidium
Gelato Taste Treat March 29, 1999 The
Game's Afoot in Oxford December 30, 1998
Now Kyoto December 16, 1998 Sweet
Sixteen in the Land of the Rising Sun
September 22, 1998 Cool Brittania August
25, 1998 A First in the Southern Hemisphere
August 5, 1998 Lucky Number in Hannover
July 8, 1998 BEC in 87Rb - a new Aspect
June 24, 1998 H at Last ! May 11, 1998
Report from École Normale Supérieure
February 26, 1998 BEC at NIST Gaithersburg
January 23, 1998 Bavarian Breakthrough !
September 30, 1997 Now playing in Europe
July 10, 1997 Stanford group weighs in
July 2, 1997 BEC observed at the Rowland
Institute May 20, 1997 BEC observed at
the University of Texas
2 in 1995 0 in 1996 4 in 1997 10 in 1998 ...12 in
2001 .....
(How many do we need?)
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Competing to build the "atom laser"
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Interference with Atoms!
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Games with vortices in BEC
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Nonlinear atom optics
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Best gravimeters/accelerometers? Quantum
computers (can get well-controlled atoms to
interact with each other)? Model system to
understand solid-state problems
(high-Tc superconductivity etc)?
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The next-generation atomic clock
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(Actually, this generation!)