General Energy Consumption

1
General Energy Consumption

• United States 9470 kWh/person/year
• vs.
• Germany 3270 kWh/person/year
• Clearly, US per capita energy usage not necessary

2
General Energy Consumption

• The world is slowly running out of energy from
  traditional sources, i.e. fossil fuels
• 1997 fossil energy world-wide totaled 4.4 x 1019
  grams of carbon! This amount is over 400 times
  the earths primary productivity via
  photosynthesis!!! (Dukes)
• To replace all energy derived from fossil fuels
  with biomass would require 22 of all the biomass
  currently on the earth! (Dukes)

3
Bioenergy and Biomass

• Renewable energy from biomass sources represent a
  promising alternative to fossil fuels
• Pulp and Paper Industry Large consumers of
  renewable biomass e.g. wood and recycled fiber
• Experience with this raw material base means that
  PP industry can be part of a SOLUTION to the
  evolving energy crisis!

4
Overview Energy Consumption

• Some Key Questions
• Where do our energy supplies come from?
• What is the relative importance of each one?
• What is the life expectancy of each source?
• What should we be doing for the future?

5
Energy Usage 1750-2000
An Energy Dependent Society
?
Internet
Micro-processor
Environmental issues
Modifiers
Satellite
WWII
WWI
Telecommunications
Energy Usage
Living standards
Coal
Steam
Steam locomotive
Power stations
Air travel
Global markets
Population growth
Internal combustion engine
Drivers
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Cook and Sheath, 1997
6
Projected World Supplies
Hydroelectric
Hydroelectric
1993
100
100


100 BILLION
ind
Solar
, W

BARRELS
Geothermal
New Technologies
80
80
World Energy Demand

Billion

Billion

Barrels

Barrels
Nuclear Electric
Coal
Coal

of Oil

of Oil
60
60

Equivalent

Equivalent

per
Y
ear

per
Y
ear

Natural

Natural
(GBOE)
(GBOE)
Gas
Gas
40
40
Decreasing Fossil Fuels
Crude Oil
Crude Oil
20
20
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
3000
024839-2


after Edwards,
AAPG 8/97
oil shale tar sands
7
Oil Discoveries Diminishing Oil Supply
8
HUMMER H3
9
Crude Oil Prices 1860 - 1996
80
2007
10
Crude Oil Prices 1970 - 2000
11
GDP and energy consumption
12
Alternative Fuels

• Hydrogen is ideal, but
• How to produce it?
• How to distribute it?
• Liquid fuels from biomass
• Ethanol from corn and other plants - current
• Bio-oil from forest waste - current
• Ethanol from wood waste - emerging
• Methanol from forest thinnings/wood waste
• Clean for internal combustion
• Ideal H source for fuel cells

13
Introduction to Fossil Fuels

• The world is currently run principally on fossil
  fuels
• Crude oil
• Natural gas
• Coal
• Oil shale and tar sands

14
Introduction to Fossil Fuels

• Crude oil
• Composed mainly of C and H
• Very complex mixture - over 500 different HC
  compounds!
• Compounds are C27 - C35 based
• Most crude oil formed about 500 million years ago

15
Introduction to Fossil Fuels

• Natural Gas
• Methane - CH4
• Produced in direct proximity with oil and coal
• Rises due to low density
• Highest value fossil fuel
• Burns relatively clean
• Easy to transport
• Odorless and tasteless

16
Placemarker from 10/8
17
Introduction to Fossil Fuels

• Coal
• Also composed principally of C and H
• Formed 60 - 320 million years ago
• Solid form of crude oil
• Often tainted with sulfur (S)
• Greatest amount of all fossil fuels

18
Introduction to Fossil Fuels

• Oil Shale and Tar Sands
• Oil shale partially cooked petroleum
• Also called kerogens
• Composed mainly of C and H
• Colorado - burnable rock fireplace!
• Tar sands bitumen encased in sand formations
• Can be mined and oil separated from sand
• Alberta, Canada

19
Some Basic Chemistry re Energy

• Fuels liberate energy via combustion reactions
  i.e. combustion of methane
• CH4 O2 CO2 2H2O heat
• That is, hydrocarbons are oxidized in order to
  release energy (from chemical bonds

20
Some Basic Chemistry re Energy

• Elemental composition of crude oil
• 85 C 14 H 1 other
• Elemental composition of wood
• 50 C 6 H 44 O
• Thus, wood (and all biomass) is partially
  oxidized, thereby reducing the energy available
  by oxidization reactions