The Influence of Musical Context on Tempo Rubato

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The Influence of Musical Context on Tempo Rubato

• Timmers, Ashley, Desain, Heijink

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What is Tempo Rubato?

• Performance
• Composition Expression Instrument
• Tempo Rubato Stolen time is the variations
  in the timing of onsets of notes.
• Tempo changes occur in relation to phrase
  structure.
• notes inegales

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Tempo Rubato

• Relation between musical structure and tempo
  changes -
• Modulations clarifying metrical structure,
  harmonic structure and phrase final lengthening.
• Tempo Rubato reflects hierarchic depth of a
  syntactic unit by the amount of slowing at the
  boundary.
• Sundbergs model of harmonic distance to the
  tonic.

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Melody Variations on an original Theme (Op 21,
No 1) Brahms.

• Melody performed by 3 pianists in different
  settings
• Melody without bar-lines.
• Melody with bar-lines.
• Counter-melody.
• Melody with the Counter-melody.
• Melody with block chords.
• Theme.

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Melody Variations on an original Theme (Op 21,
No 1) Brahms
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Mean tempo(BPM) per performer per condition
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Analysis Observations

• Performance-Score matching.
• Measure variations in IOI as an indication of
  Tempo Rubato.
• Correlation between IOI s of repeated performance
  gt correlation between IOI s of melody in the 6
  conditions.
• Change in timing distribution in the melody with
  change in context.

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Grand Average Timing Profile
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Similarity between Performers

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Timing profiles of Conditions 2 and 6 performed
by Subjects 23
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Diversity of Musical Structure

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Other Factors Affecting tempo Rubato

• Level of difficulty of performing the musical
  piece . ( theme vs melody alone)
• Area of difficult chords.
• Tempo selected by performer.
• Complexity of musical composition.

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Shortcomings Future Work

• Influence of each performer is large affects
  correlation.
• Analysis of musical factors influencing diversity
  and extent of tempo rubato need to be tested.
• Study the constraints on expressive performance.