Week 10

1
Week 10 Foundations of Behavior
Principles of Management

2
Individual Behavior, Why?

• Organizational Behavior (OB)
• The actions of people at work
• Focus of Organizational Behavior
• Individual behavior
• Attitudes, personality, perception, learning, and
  motivation
• Group behavior

3
Important Employee Behaviors

• Employee Productivity
• Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
• Absenteeism
• Turnover
• Workplace Misbehavior
• Deviance
• Aggression
• Antisocial behavior
• Violence

4
Psychological Factors Affecting Employee Behavior

• Employee Productivity
• Absenteeism
• Turnover
• Organizational Citizenship
• Job Satisfaction
• Workplace Misbehavior

• Attitudes
• Personality
• Perception
• Learning

5
Psychological Factors

• Attitudes
• Evaluative statementseither favorable or
  unfavorable
• Components
• Cognitive component
• Affective component
• Behavioral component

6
Job Satisfaction

• Job Satisfaction
• Is a result of employees perceptions of how well
  their jobs provide those things which are viewed
  as important.

7
Job Satisfaction

• Outcomes of Job Satisfaction
• Satisfaction and Performance Moderate Positive
• Satisfaction and Turnover- Moderate Negative
• Satisfaction and Absenteeism- Weak Negative
• Other Effects and Ways to Enhance Satisfaction

8
Organizational Commitment

• Organizational Commitment reflects the extent to
  which an individual identifies with an
  organization and is committed to its goals.
• Three dimensions Affective, Continuance, and
  Normative.
• The Outcomes of Organizational Commitment

9
Organizational Commitment

• Guidelines to Enhance Organizational Commitment
• Align company and employee interests
• Profit-sharing plans - incentive plans in which
  employees receive bonuses in proportion to the
  companys profitability
• Recruit and select new employees whose values
  closely match those of the organization
• Support employee development

10
Personality

• Personality
• The unique and relatively stable pattern of
  behaviors, thoughts, and emotions shown by an
  individual.

11
The Meaning of Personality

• Role of Personality
• - knowledge, skills, and ability determine
  whether a person can do the job
• - personality determines whether a person wants
  to do the work
• Sources of personality differences
• nature (inherited) vs. nurture (based on
  experiences) controversy

12
Sources of personality differences
Personality
Environment
Heredity

• Culture
• Family
• Group Membership
• Life Experiences

13
Classifying Personality Traits

• Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
• A general personality assessment tool that
  measures the personality of an individual using
  four categories
• Social interaction Extrovert or Introvert (E or
  I)
• Preference for gathering data Sensing or
  Intuitive (S or N)
• Preference for decision making Feeling or
  Thinking (F or T)
• Style of decision making Perceptive or
  Judgmental (P or J)

14
The Big-Five Model

• Extraversion
• Sociable, talkative, and assertive
• Agreeableness
• Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
• Conscientiousness
• Responsible, dependable, persistent, and
  achievement oriented

• Emotional Stability
• Calm, enthusiastic, and secure or tense, nervous,
  and insecure
• Openness to Experience
• Imaginative, artistically sensitive, and
  intellectual

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Other Personality Insights

• Locus of Control
• Internal locus
• External locus
• Machiavellianism (Mach)
• Being pragmatic, maintaining emotional distance,
  and seeks to gain and manipulate powerends can
  justify means.

16
Other Personality Insights

• Self-Esteem (SE)
• The degree to which people like or dislike
  themselves
• High SEs
• Low SEs

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Other Personality Insights

• Self-Monitoring
• An individuals ability to adjust his or her
  behavior to external, situational factors.
• High self-monitors
• Low self-monitors

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Perception

• Perception
• A process that individuals give meaning (reality)
  to their environment by organizing and
  interpreting their sensory impressions.
• Factors influencing perception
• The perceivers
• The targets characteristics
• The situation factors

19
How We Perceive People

• Attribution Theory
• Refers to how people explain the causes of
  behavior
• Internally caused behavior under the
  individuals control
• Externally caused behavior due to outside factors

20
How We Perceive People

• Attribution Theory
• Determining the source of behaviors
• Distinctiveness different behaviors in different
  situations
• Consensus behaviors similar to others in same
  situation
• Consistency regularity of the same behavior over
  time

21
Figure 2.3 Kellys Theory of Causal
Attribution A Summary
You observe poor performance of a subordinate,
you note that...
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How We Perceive People

• Attribution Theory errors and biases
• Fundamental attribution error
• The tendency to underestimate the influence of
  external factors and to overestimate the
  influence of internal or personal factors.
• Self-serving bias
• The tendency to attribute successes to internal
  factors while blaming personal failures on
  external factors.

23
Shortcuts Used in Judging Others

• Assumed Similarity
• Assuming that others are more like us than they
  actually are.
• Stereotyping
• Judging someone on the basis of our perception of
  a group he or she is a part of.
• Halo Effect
• Forming a general impression of a person on the
  basis of a single characteristic of that person