Describe major health concerns for dogs.

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Describe major health concerns for dogs. Describe
poisonings, external, and internal
parasites of dogs.
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Internal parasites
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Ascarids are roundworms that may grow to 8? in
length when mature.
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Are Roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara
leonina
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HEAD PHOTO of Ascarid
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EGG PHOTO of ASCARID
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Should diagnose by a fecal float. Will see eggs
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a. Affect mainly puppies and deprive them of
nutrients. b. Roundworms live in the small
intestines of dogs less than 6 months old.
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After a dog eats the eggs, they hatch and the
larvae enter the wall of the small intestine.
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The larvae migrate through the circulatory system
and either go to the respiratory system or other
organs or tissues in the body
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c. Transmitted by female dogs to puppies via milk
or feces and bedding.
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Larvae move from circulation to the respiratory
system, are coughed up and swallowed and reenter
the stomach. There the larvae mature into adults.
The adult worms lay eggs which pass out of the
animal in the feces.
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Look a bit like spaghetti
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d. Severe infestation in puppies will cause
puppies to have a pot-bellied appearance. e.
Danger to children.
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Treat with de-wormers then repeat the worming 2-4
weeks after the first treatment.

• EX)2 weeks repeat at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age

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Hookworms are blood-sucking parasites that attach
to the small intestine,
causing small spots of
bleeding.
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Inside the intestines
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a. Adult worms are about 1 inch long. b. Heavy
infestations can cause severe loss of blood into
the intestine and anemia (deficiency of red blood
cells) c. Affect older dogs as well as puppies.
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Will then need an aggressive prevention program.
Since the medication can only kill what is in the
system, monthly checkups for 3-4 months are
needed until a pattern of negative tests results
are established.
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Whipworms are broad at one end and narrow at the
other. They use the narrow end to attach to the
cecum and lower digestive tract.
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Attach to intestinal lining
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a. Adults are about 2 ½ ? long and produce
shell protected eggs that may live in the soil
for years.
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b. Produce watery feces and may result in
dehydration and death if untreated.
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• Anemia
• Diarrhea, especially recurrent bouts of diarrhea
  with stool that has blood or mucus
• Diminished strength and vitality
• Weight loss

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The whipworm eggs are very resistant to drying
and heat, so they can remain viable in the dog's
environment for years. You have to get rid of
food bowls and toys.
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Whipworms are diagnosed by finding eggs with a
microscopic examination of the stool. Treat with
antihelmintics/ dewormers, repeat every 3 months.

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Whipworms are not nearly as common now because of
widespread use of the types of heartworm
prevention products.
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Whipworms are not infectious to people
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Tapeworms are usually the largest worms affecting
dogs, usually reaching 1? or more in length and
most depend on a host such as a flea or wild
rabbit to develop.
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a. Flat and segmented worms that live in the
small intestine. b. Shed terminal segments in
feces.
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Tapeworm eggs
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• Abdominal discomfort
• Nervousness
• Severe itching around the anus
• Vomiting
• Weight loss

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Diagnosis is made by observing tapeworm segments,
which look like rice, in the stool, near the
anus, or on the pet's fur
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c. Not harmful for dogs but may cause serious
injury to humans.
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Preventative measures include FLEA CONTROL and,
if possible, keeping your pet from hunting
rodents.
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Heartworms are thin worms that grow to a length
of 14? and live in the major artery carrying
blood from the heart to the lungs.
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a. Serious threat to dogs causing major injury to
vital organs. b. Symptoms may include frequent
coughing, labored breathing, and fainting in
severe cases.
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c. Heartworms are transmitted by mosquitoes.
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A mosquito bites an infected dog and ingests
heartworm larvae (microfilaria), which are passed
to the next dog it bites.
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Microfilaria penetrates the dog's skin and travel
through the body to the heart. It usually takes a
few months for the infection to
reach the heart
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Diagnosis is made by testing a small blood sample
for the presence of microfilaria (heartworm
larvae) or heartworm
antibodies
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TREATMENT-2 doses or injections
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d. Prevention is preferred to treatment and if
treatment is to be successful, it must occur
early in the infestation.
Monthly medications are available (Sentinel,
Interceptor, Heartgard).
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External parasites
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Fleas are brown, blood-sucking insects of small
size that move rapidly over the skin.
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Only female fleas bite.
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a. Fleas may develop from eggs to adult in as
little as 16 days. b. Cat fleas and dog fleas
infest dogs and may first be detected in the
groin and rump area of the animal.
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Fleas can be diagnosed on your pet by finding the
adult fleas, the flea dirt(feces), or flea eggs
on the skin
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c. Cause irritation and extreme itching, but may
be controlled with powders, dips, shampoos,
collars, oral insecticides, foggers and sprays.
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FLEAS CAN TRANSMIT TAPEWORMS
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Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods of the
skin. Arthropod - Invertebrate animals with
jointed legs and a hard external skeleton
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Female dog tick
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Deer Tick Stages
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a. There are 2 main families of ticks hard ticks
and soft ticks.
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Hard ticks have visible mouthparts that can be
seen from the top and soft ticks do not have
visible mouthparts from the top.
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Comparing different mouthparts of different
species
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b. Two types of hard ticks are major reasons for
concern on dogs Brown dog tick can survive
indoors and the American dog tick lives in grass
and on shrubs.
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c. The main soft tick is the Spirose Ear Tick.
The larvae and nymph stage live in and cause
irritation to the outer ear canal.
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Lice are wingless insects that may bite or suck
blood from the host.
3 forms nits(eggs), nymphs, and adults
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Lice on humans and lice on cats or lice on dogs
are separate entities they are host-specific.
Unlike fleas, they don't hop from host to host.
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a. Not common on dogs but if infestation occurs,
the dog will experience severe hair loss from
scratching rubbing.
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b. 2 treatments 12 days apart with dips,
anti-parasitic shampoos, dusts, or spray can
control.
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Mites are tiny, 8 legged arachnids. 5 species
cause the most problems for dogs.
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AKA MANGE
Otodectes cynotis
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a. Demodectic mites do not usually cause
problems, but a severe infestation may result in
hair loss, reddening of the skin, and encrusting
either in spots or over the entire body of the
dog.
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b. 2 types of Sarcoptic mites burrow within the
outer layer of skin, are highly contagious, and
result in mange or scabies
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They cause the animal intense irritation and
itching that may result in the dog injuring
itself as it tries to scratch, chew or rub the
skin.PRUITIS
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c. Ear mites are highly contagious found in the
outer ear canal and other areas of dogs.
Infected animals may shake their heads.
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Vet can take a skin scraping to diagnose
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• What to Watch For
• Irritation and scratching
• Increased earwax
• Thick, black crusty ear discharge
• Scratching ears

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Products that contain an insecticide, usually
PYRETHRIN work best to rid of mites.
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IVERMECTIN, FIPRONIL (Frontline), and SELAMECTIN
(Revolution)
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Flea products are effective in treatment as well
as ear drops.
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d. Cheyletiella mites are contagious and cause a
condition known as walking dandruff. Severe
scaling on the back may occur, but itching is not
as severe as with other mite infestations.
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Chiggers are orange-red larvae stages of
Trombicula mites that cause an itchy, red rash on
the belly, face, feet and legs.
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a. Picked up from underbrush grass. b. Remain
on the skin for a short time and usually do not
require treatment other than something to stop
the itching.
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They actually feed on the fluids in skin cells.
To get the fluids, they attach themselves to a
skin pore or hair follicle and inject a digestive
enzyme that ruptures and liquifies the cells
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Poisons
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Insecticides may cause poisoning if ingested in
sufficient amounts.
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a. Organophosphates and carbamate compounds are
the main source of insecticidal poisoning. b.
Boric acid from roach bait and arsenic from ant
traps can also poison animals.
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Plants- such as philodendron, pothos, and
caladium contain insoluble calcium oxadate
crystals that cause irritation to the
mouth and intestinal tract.
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Azalea, oleander, mistletoe, sago palm, Easter
lily, or yew plant material could also be toxic.
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Household chemicals or cleaners containing
ammonia, bleach, borates, hydroxides, pine oil,
and phenol can cause sickness if pest ingest them.
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Rodenticides (anticoagulants) such as strychaine
and warfarin can cause internal bleeding and
death if ingested in
sufficient quantities.
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Glyphosphate herbicides and arsenic-based weed
killers can poison pets.
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Antifreeze is a common source of poisoning
because it has a sugary taste that animals
readily ingest if given the opportunity.
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• Two ounces of ethylene glycol antifreeze can
  kill a dog, one teaspoon can be lethal to a cat,
  and two tablespoons can be hazardous to children.
  
• Pet safe Antifreeze products
• Sierra Antifreeze

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The first step is to administer apomorphene or
peroxide solution to get the pet to vomit up any
poison remaining in the stomach. Then administer
activated charcoal to bind with any poison that
is left.
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Give large amounts of intravenous fluids to
increase urine production and excrete as much as
possible.