The Non Renewables

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The Non Renewables

• We use non renewable sources because they are
  cheap and easy to use. Some (like coal) are
  plentiful. Some (like oil) may run out in 40
  50 years.
• All release LOTS of energy. BTUs
• All release (except nuclear) some sort of air
  pollution.

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Nuclear Power
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Lets glow in the dark

• Nuclear power has a bad reputation due to 2 world
  accidents A.
  Three Mile Island (1979) B.
  Chernobyl (1986)
• Nuclear Power is safe BUT VERY EXPENSIVE

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The cost

• The cost to build a nuclear power plant can be
  greater than a coal fired power plant due to
  safety devices and instruments. That could be 5
  6 billion.
• Perry plant was 6 billion.
• Cost of the electricity produced by nuclear power
  is about 6 cents per Kwatt.

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Cost of electricity

• This info is about 18 months old and is on the
  low side but will give you an idea on costs.
• Generated by wind cost 3-7 cents/KWatt
• Generated by coal cost 4 cents/KW
• Generated by Nuclear cost 6 cents/KW
• The ave. home uses 25 KW/day

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Current costs

• Cost per KWatt
• Ohio averages
• Nuclear 12-15 cents per KW (Sweden)
• Coal is 8.27 cents per KW
• Wind 4-9 cents per KW

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Who uses nuclear power?

• France has the most reactors at 59 which
  generates 78 of their electricity needs
• US has 104 reactors and creates 15 of
  electricity used.
• World 442 plants and 17 of the electricity
  generated

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The insides
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The same old thing

• The rods are inserted into the reactor which
  generates heat.
• The heat boils water into high pressure steam
  which turns the turbine which turns the
  generator.
• The generator creates electricity.
• The water is cooled in the tower.

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Only water vapor is released
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Where are they?
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The NRC

• The Nuclear Regulatory Center estimates there is
  around 200 years worth of nuclear material left.
  That is if we continue to use it at present
  rates.

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How much energy?

• The control rods contain 62,000 fuels pellets.
• They produce enough energy to replace
  11,000,000,000,000 tons of coal every 6 years or
  33,000,000,000,000 barrels of oil.

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GOOD

• Clean with no pollution.
• The water returned to the lake, river or water
  source is cleaner after it is used.
• Fewer safety problems occur at nuclear plants
  than at coal, natural gas or oil power plants.

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BAD

• If an accident does occur it will effect a very
  large area.
• Nuclear waste is toxic and has to be stored
  somewhere.
• Nuclear waste is hazardous to humans for 700
  800 years, but will be radioactive for up to
  10,000 years.

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Storage of waste

• Currently, spent fuel is stored at the reactor
  location in deep pools of water.
• The government wants to ship all waste to the
  Yucca Mountain Repository in Nevada.

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Why Store it in one Place?

• The site is on a military base, so is guarded.
• The mountain range is very stable no
  earthquakes and is very dry.
• It is 4000 feet above the ground water.
• No precious metals so there is no mining problems

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Transportation

• Who wants nuclear waste being transported through
  their town?

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The railroad cars

• The 100 ton armored train cars are virtually
  indestructible.
• They have been shot by all types of guns.
• F-16 fighter jets have been crashed into them.
• A train engine has been crashed into them.
• NO LEAKS!

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Nuclear Energy

• Whether you like nuclear energy or no it is here
  to stay.
• Plans are under way to begin building new plants
  across America.
• Clinton, Illinois should be the next plant
  finished.
• It will be the first nuclear plant built in 20
  years in the US.

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Natural Gas

• Natural Gas (as well as coal and oil) began as
  plant and animal material 100s of millions of
  years ago.
• Time, pressure and heat convert the organic
  material into the end product.
• More heat, more pressure, and more time converts
  coal into diamonds.

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Natural Gas is pretty
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History of Nat. Gas

• Natural Gas was first discovered in 1000 BC.
• By 500 BC the Chinese used Nat. Gas to boil sea
  water to make fresh water.
• 1629 first discovered and used in Ohio.
• 1920s it is the number one energy source to make
  electricity.

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More History

• Ohio has 60,000 miles of underground pipeline in
  which the gas travels about 15 MPH it is heated
  to prevent frost and slow downs
• The gas we use in Ohio comes from -- 90
  comes from Mexico -- 9
  from Canada and the Rockies -- 1
  from Ohio

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Modern Gas

• Natural Gas does not have an odor.
• We add MERCAPTAN to give it the smell we
  recognize.
• The pressure in the state wide pipeline is 240
  pounds/in2 but is decreased to about ¼ pound/in2
  as it goes into your house.

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The Gas Meter

• This meter tracks how much gas you use as well as
  reducing pressure as it enters your house.
• Measured in MCF- million cubic feet

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East Ohio Gas Company

• They supply gas to 1.4 million customers in Ohio
• 75 of homes use Nat Gas for heating and cooking
  in the US.
• It creates ½ the amount of CO2 and has no sulfur
  emissions. This means CLEAN.
• Estimated reserves-- left 70 100 years.

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Natural Gas
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Petroleum
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Who Uses The Oil?

• WORLD USE PER PERSON
  5 barrels/years
• US/person 25 barrels/year
• Europe/person 10-11 barrels/year
• China/India/person 1-2 barrels/year

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Petrol anyone?
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Oil is formed

• Dont forget how coal, oil and Nat. Gas are
  formed. Heat, time and pressure create all
  three.
• Oil History first oil well in the US and Ohio
  was discovered in 1814 in Nobel County. The men
  were drilling for salt.

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The Crude Oil

• Crude Oil comes from the ground and is
  transported around the world for refining.
• Refining must take place to make the fuels we
  use.
• Oil is used for MANY things. Over 6000 products
  come from oil.
• Plastics, flavorings, clothing, cosmetics,
  asphalt, aspirin, candy are examples.

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Ohio is an Oil leader sort of

• There are 63,999 active wells in Ohio.
• Ohio is 4 in wells drilled. So far there are
  264,000 wells drilled in Ohio.
• Ohio produces 80 Nat. gas and 20 crude from our
  wells. Remember only 1 of the Nat Gas we use
  comes from Ohio.

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Oil Wells

• Number of counties producing oil/gas is 47/88
  mostly eastern Ohio
• 856,482 wells active in the US. Remember there
  are 63,999 active wells in Ohio.
• Oil estimates are that there is 40 50 years of
  oil left. Middle East will not talk about their
  reserves.

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Oil field
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The Energy Crisis

• US oil production peaked in 1974, we had an
  ENERGY CRISIS. People had to wait in line for
  gasoline, could only buy gasoline on certain
  days, and were only allowed so many gallons.
• Since 1974 we (US) have not set the price for
  oil. World oil production seems to be going to
  peak around 2010.

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Oil Production Peaking

• What did the oil production peaking in 1974 mean?
• It means that the US produced the most oil in
  1974 and since then we have removed less oil from
  the ground every year.
• If the world oil production peaks in 2010 what
  will that mean to consumers? Higher prices,
  longer lines, and less oil.

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WE (USA) USE OIL!

• DAILY We use 21 million barrels (9 million used
  for gasoline)
• DAILY US produces about 5 million barrels
• DAILY US imports about 75 of oil used or 16
  million barrels
• US uses about 25 of worlds oil

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Where does the Oil go?

• Of the 42 gals (42 gallons 1 barrel) you make
  20 gals of gasoline
• 10 gals of diesel/heating oil
• 4 gals of jet fuel
• 1.7 gals of heavy fuel oil
• 1.7 gals of LPG
• The remaining 4.6 gals is made into other things
  like plastic/soap/cosmetics/clothes

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Refineries

• Name the refinery on the south side of Canton.
• Last refinery built in Louisiana in 1982.
• Since 1990 the US has gone from 194 refineries
  (15 mil. barrels/day) to 144 refineries refining
  17 mil. barrels/daily.
• We have increased the efficiency while decreasing
  the number.

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How we use it.

• In 1970s only 23 of our oil was imported
• Now 75 is imported mostly from Venezuela
• Everyday US uses 3 gals/person of refined crude
  for plastics/products, not energy.
• Gasoline consumption is 320,500,000 gals/day or
  3700 gals/sec.

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Diesel engines

• Diesel engines run 30 better (more mileage and
  fewer emissions) than gasoline engines.
• They also put out more power and acceleration.
• As of Sept. 2006 new ULTRA LOW sulfur diesel
  reduced emissions from 500 ppm to 5 ppm.

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Biodiesel

• Biodiesel is filtered vegetable oil that is
  either
• A. used in an ENGINE that has been MODIFIED to
  use the vegetable oil. It is heated so the
  viscosity (the thickness of the oil) is decreased
  and the oil flows easier. Called VEGETABLE OIL.

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Biodiesel

• B. CHEMICALS are added to the vegetable oil so
  the vegetable oils viscosity is decreased. The
  CHEMICALS can be methanol or ethanol plus
  Hydrogen peroxide. Called BIODIESEL.
• Diesel fuel about 3.10/gal
• Filtered vegetable oil can be free if you get it
  then filter it or purchased filtered for
  1.80/gal.

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Engine efficiency

• The BTUs for each fuel are different so it
  changes the mileage.
• Diesel 132,000
• Biodiesel 130,000
• Vegetable Oil 124,000
• This means you need to use more veg.
  oil/biodiesel to travel the same distance. You
  have decreased miles/gallon.

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Petroleum oil vs Veg. oil

• Non Renewable
• Large amounts of pollution like sulfur dioxide
  and CO2
• Better mileage
• Many uses (clothes, plastics, fuels)
• Easy to find and buy

• Renewable
• No sulfur dioxide and reduced CO2
• Fewer miles/gallon
• Many uses (food, fuels, alcohols, some plastics)
• Hard to find but improving

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The Vegetable Oil

• Vegetable oil clouds when it gets cold WINTER
  
• One oil is no better/more efficient than another
  except in the winter.
• Canola oil is best for winter use since it
  thickens at lower temps.

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Used Vegetable oil

• What did we do with the oil before we used it as
  fuel?
• UNTIL recently the oil was put into an oil
  dumpster then boiled and either
• 1. put into livestock feed
• 2. used in cosmetics
• 3. filtered and sold to 3rd world countries

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E85

• E85 is a blend of petroleum oil with alcohol 85
  alcohol to 15 petroleum.
• E85 engines are made differently to burn this
  fuel.
• E85 produces a 5 9 gain in power
• Ex. If a regular car gets 25 mpg, then E85 car
  will get 26 27.50 mpg while burning cleaner and
  being renewable.

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Vegetable oil

• Something to think about.
• To grow corn we use petroleum as fuel in tractors
  to plant and harvest the corn, in fertilizers,
  and in the trucks to transport it.
• For every 1.3 gallons of ethanol produced we use
  1 gal of petrol to make it.
• Is it worth it? YES.

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The Future of Vegetable oil

• IF ALL COOKING OIL WAS USED AS BIODEISEL IT WOULD
  ONLY POWER 1/3 OF THE DEISEL FLEET.
• A concern.
• Since most corn grown in US is exported for
  food,what will happen if we develop a large need
  for veg. oil as fuel?

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Corn as food or fuel

• Will we grow corn for food or fuel?
• Will starvation increase as we make biodiesel?
• Will money overrule compassion?

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What can we do?

• Many things can and are being done to reduce the
  impact of dwindling oil supplies.
• Conservation (use less), recycling plastic, and
  other energy sources.
• We CAN conserve oil BUT are we willing to?