STRUCTURALISM: MORAL DEVELOPMENT

1
STRUCTURALISM MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• QUESTION WHERE DOES NOVELTY COME FROM?
• HOW DOES A CHILD DEVELOP A SYSTEM OF MORALS?

2
THREE METAPHORS FOR ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION

• CHILD BORN GOOD
• ROUSSEAU
• ROLE OF SOCIETY DONT CORRUPT
• CHILD BORN EVIL
• ORIGINAL SIN
• FREUD
• ROLE OF SOCIETY PUT CONTROLS ON CHILD
• CHILD BORN NEUTRAL
• SKINNER
• ROLE OF SOCIETY PROVIDE POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT
  THAT GETS INTERNALIZED

3
KOHLBERG
4
STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT ARE THE BASIC TENETS OF THE STRUCTURALIS
  APPROACH?

5
STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• UNIVERSAL DEVELOPMENT
• INVARIANT SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURES
• QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRUCTURES

6
STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• PROBLEM WITH UNIVERSAL MORAL DEVELOPMENT?
• ENORMOUS DIVERSITY
• WHERE IS UNIVERSALITY?

7
STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• KOHLBERG ARGUES THAT THERE ARE 25 UNIVERSAL
  ASPECTS TO MORAL JUDGMENTS
• COMMON TO ALL CULTURES
• PROPERTY RIGHTS
• PUNISHMENT
• CONSIDERING MOTIVES IN JUDGING ACTIONS
• CONSIDERING CONSEQUENCES IN JUDGING ACTIONS
• CONTRACT

8
METHODOLOGY

• GIVE A PERSON A HYPOTHETICAL SITUATION IN STORY
  FORM
• STORY CONTAINS A MORAL DILEMMA
• ASK THE PERSON TO JUDGE ANOTHERS ACTIONS
  (JUDGMENT)
• ASK THE PERSON TO JUSTIFY HIS/HER JUDGMENT
• WHY DO YOU THINK ?

9
METHODOLOGY

• PEOPLES DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE IS DETERMINED BY
  THEIR JUSTIFICATIONS

10
EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGY

• HYPOTHETICAL SITUATION
• In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer.
  One drug might save her, a form of radium that a
  druggist in the same town had recently
  discovered. The druggist was charging 2,000, ten
  times what the drug cost him to make. The sick
  womans husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew
  to borrow the money, but he could get together
  about half of what it cost.

11
EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGY

• HYPOTHETICAL SITUATION (continued)
• He told the druggist that his wife was dying and
  asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay it
  later. But the druggist said, no. The husband
  got desperate and broke into the mans store to
  steal the drug for his wife.

12
EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGY

• MORAL DILEMMA STEALING VERSUS SAVING A LIFE
• JUDGMENT SHOULD THE HUSBAND HAVE STOLEN?
• JUSTIFICATION WHY DO YOU THINK HE SHOULD
  HAVE/SHOULD NOT HAVE STOLEN?

13
EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGY

• IF KOHLBERG BASED HIS STAGE ANALYSIS ON
  JUDGMENTS, THERE WOULD BE TWO STAGES
• YES STEAL
• NO STEALING
• KOHLBERG BASED STAGE ANALYSIS ON PEOPLES
  JUSTIFICATIONS
• PEOPLE AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
  COULD GIVE THE SAME JUDGMENT BUT JUSTIFY IT WITH
  DIFFERENT LEVEL JUSTIFICATIONS

14
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING

• THREE LEVELS AND SIX STAGES
• LEVEL 1
• STAGE 1
• STAGE 2
• LEVEL 2
• STAGE 3
• STAGE 4
• LEVEL 3
• STAGE 5
• STAGE 6

15
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 1

• LEVEL 1 MORAL VALUE RESIDES IN EXTERNAL EVENTS
  OR PHYSICAL NEEDS RATHER THAN IN PEOPLE AND
  STANDARDS
• STAGE 1 ORIENTATION TO OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT
• DEFERENCE TO SUPERIOR POWER OR PRESTIGE
• AVOID TROUBLE SO AS NOT TO BE IN A POSITION WHERE
  YOU CAN BE PUNISHED
• RESPONSIBILITY IN OBJECTIVE SITUATION (RESULTS)
  NOT IN SUBJECTIVE INTENTIONS

16
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 1

• TYPICAL STAGE 1 JUSTIFICATIONS, RELATING TO
  ACTION MOTIVATED BY AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHMENT
• PRO If you let your wife die, you will get into
  trouble. Youll be blamed for not spending your
  money to save her and there will be an
  investigation of you and the druggist for your
  wifes death.
• CON You should not steal the drug because youll
  be caught and sent to jail if you do. If you do
  get away, your conscience would bother you
  thinking how the police would catch you at any
  minute.

17
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 2

• STAGE 2 NAIVELY EGOISTIC ORIENTATION
• CORRECT ACTION TO TAKE IS ONE THAT SERVES ONES
  NEEDS AND OCCASIONALLY OTHERS
• SOME AWARENESS OF
• RELATIVITY OF VALUES
• EACH PERSONS NEEDS
• OTHERS PERSPECTIVES
• QUASI-EGALITARIANISM AND ORIENTATION TO EXCHANGE
  AND RECIPROCITY

18
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 2

• TYPICAL STAGE 2 JUSTIFICATIONS, RELATING TO
  ACTION MOTIVATED BY DESIRE FOR REWARD OR BENEFIT.
  POSSIBLE GUILT REACTIONS ARE IGNORED AND
  PUNISHMENT IS VIEWED IN A PRAGMATIC MANNER.
  DIFFERENTIATES OWN FEAR, PLEASURE, OR PAIN FROM
  PUNISHMENT-CONSEQUENCES
• PRO If you do happen to get caught you could
  give the drug back and you wouldnt get much of a
  sentence. It wouldnt bother you much to serve a
  little jail term if you have your wife when you
  get out.
• CON He may not get much of a jail term if steals
  the drug, but his wife will probably die before
  he gets out so it wont do him much good. If his
  wife dies, he shouldnt blame himself. It wasnt
  his fault that she has cancer.

19
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 3

• LEVEL 2
• MORAL VALUES RESIDING IN
• PERFORMANCE OF GOOD AND RIGHT ROLES
• MAINTAINING THE CONVENTIONAL ORDER
• MAINTAINING EXPECTANCIES OF OTHERS
• STAGE 3 GOOD BOY ORIENTATION
• ORIENTATION TO APPROVAL AND PLEASING AND HELPING
  OTHERS
• CONFORMITY TO STEREOTYPICAL IMAGES OF THE
  MAJORITY
• JUDGMENTS MADE ACCORDING TO INTENTIONS

20
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 3

• TYPICAL JUSTIFICATION OF STAGE 3 INDIVIDUALS
  WHERE ACTION IS MOTIVATED BY DISAPPROVAL OF
  OTHERS, ACTUAL OR HYPOTHETICAL (GUILT)
• THERE IS A DIFFERENTIATION OF DISAPPROVAL FROM
  PUNISHMENT, FEAR, OR PAIN

21
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 3

• PRO Nobody will think youre bad if you steal
  the drug but your family will think youre an
  inhuman husband if you dont. If you let your
  wife die, youll never be able to look anybody in
  the face again.
• CON It isnt just the druggist who will think
  you are a criminal, everyone else will, too.
  After you steal it, youll feel bad thinking
  about how youve brought dishonor on your family
  and yourself. You wont be able to face anyone
  again.

22
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 4

• STAGE 4 AUTHORITY AND SOCIAL ORDER MAINTAINING
  ORIENTATION
• ORIENTATION TO DOING ONES DUTY AND TO SHOW
  RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY
• MAINTAINING THE SOCIAL ORDER FOR ITS OWN SAKE
• REGARD FOR EARNED EXPECTATIONS OF OTHERS

23
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 4

• TYPICAL JUSTIFICATIONS FOR STAGE 4, WHERE ACTION
  IS MOTIVATED BY
• ANTICIPATION OF DISHONOR
• INSTITUTIONAL BLAME FOR FAILURE OF DUTY
• GUILT OVER CONCRETE HARM DONE TO OTHERS
• DIFFERENTIATES FORMAL DISHONOR FROM INFORMAL
  DISAPPROVAL
• DIFFERENTIATES GUILT FOR BAD CONSEQUENCES FROM
  DISAPPROVAL

24
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 4

• PRO If you have any sense of honor, you wont
  let your wife die because youre afraid to do the
  only thing that will save her. Youll always feel
  guilty that you caused her death if you dont do
  your duty to her.
• CON Youre desperate and you may not know youre
  doing wrong when you steal the drug. But youll
  know you did wrong after youre punished and sent
  to jail. Youll always feel guilty for your
  dishonesty and lawbreaking

25
LEVEL 3

• LEVEL 3 HAS MORAL VALUES RESIDING IN CONFORMITY
  BY THE SELF TO SHARED OR SHAREABLE STANDARDS,
  RIGHTS, OR DUTIES

26
LEVELS AND STAGES OFMORAL REASONING STAGE 5

• STAGE 5 CONTRACTUAL, LEGALISTIC ORIENTATION
• RECOGNITION OF ARBITRARY ELEMENT OR STARTING
  POINT IN RULES OR EXPECTATIONS FOR THE SAKE OF
  AGREEMENT
• DUTY DEFINED IN TERMS OF CONTRACT
• GENERAL AVOIDANCE OF THE WILL OR RIGHTS OF OTHERS
• MAJORITY WILL AND WELFARE IS AIMED TOWARDS

27
STAGE 5 JUSTIFICATIONS

• PRO The law wasnt set up for these
  circumstances. Taking the drug in this situation
  isnt really right, but its justified to do it.
• CON You cant completely blame someone for
  stealing but extreme circumstances dont really
  justify taking the law in your own hands. You
  cant have everyone stealing whenever they get
  desperate. The end may be good, but the ends
  dont justify the means.

28
LEVELS AND STAGES OF MORAL REASONING STAGE 6

• CONSCIENCE OR PRINCIPLE ORIENTATION
• ORIENTATION NOT ONLY TO ACTUAL SOCIAL RULES BUT
  TO PRINCIPLES OF CHOICE INVOLVING APPEAL TO
  LOGICAL UNIVERSALITY AND CONSISTENCY
• ORIENTATION TO CONSCIENCE AS A DIRECTING AGENT
• DIRECTING AGENT
• MUTUAL RESPECT AND TRUST

29
STAGE 6 JUSTIFICATIONS

• PRO This is a situation which forces him to
  choose between stealing and letting his wife die.
  In a situation where the choice must be made, it
  is morally right to steal. He has to act in terms
  if the principle of preserving and respecting
  life.
• CON Heinz is faced with the decision of whether
  to consider the other people who need the drug
  just as badly as his wife. Heinz ought to act not
  according to his particular feelings toward his
  wife, but considering the value of all the loves
  involved.

30
PROGRESSION BETWEEN LEVELS

• LEVEL 1 PEOPLE ATTEND TO THEMSELVES
• LEVEL 2 PEOPLE ATTEND TO OTHERS AND WHAT OTHERS
  THINK OF THEM
• LEVEL 3 PEOPLE ATTEND TO SOCIETYS STANDARDS AND
  THEIR RELATIONS TO THEM AND TO THEIR OWN
  PRINCIPLES

31
MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT DOES KOHLBERG, A STRUCTURALIST, CLAIM ABOUT
  THE MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT?

32
MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT

• DISEQULIBRIUM
• ADAPTATIONAL
• ORGANIZATIONAL

33
RELATIONS BETWEEN PIAGET AND KOHLBERG

• PIAGET POSITS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL STRUCTURES
  ABOUT LOGICO-MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL DOMAINS
• KOHLBERG POSITS COGNITIVE STRUCTURES ABOUT MORAL
  REASONING

34
RELATIONS BETWEEN PIAGET AND KOHLBERG

• THE DOMAINS OF LOGICO-MATHMATICAL AND PHYSICAL
  REASONING DEAL WITH THE WORLD OF THE MIND AND
  OBJECTS
• THE DOMAIN OF MORAL REASONING DEALS WITH
  INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

35
RELATIONS BETWEEN PIAGET AND KOHLBERG

• KOHLBERG BELIEVED THAT AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF
  MORAL DEVELOPMENT THAT ALSO SEPARATES IT FROM THE
  PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES IS
• EMPATHY AND INDENTIFICATION
• THE ABILITY TO TAKE ANOTHERS POINT OF VIEW AND
  TO FEEL AS IF YOU WERE THAT PERSON

36
RELATIONS BETWEEN PIAGET AND KOHLBERG

• Langer, Kuhn, and Hahn (1969)
• TESTED CHILDREN AT DIFFERENT AGES
• PIAGETIAN TASKS
• KOHLBERG TASKS

37
RELATIONS BETWEEN PIAGET AND KOHLBERG

• FOUND THAT PIAGETIAN STAGES ARE A NECESSARY BUT
  NOT SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR KOHLBERGS STAGES
• EXAMPLE
• A STAGE 5 PERSON IN KOHLBERGS SYSTEM MUST BE
  IN PIAGETS FORMAL OPERATIONS STAGE BUT
• A FORMAL OPERATIONS STAGE PERSON COULD BE IN ANY
  OF KOHLBERGS STAGES

38
TURIEL

• THOUGHT THAT KOHLBERG MERGED THE MORAL DOMAIN AND
  SOCIAL CONVENTIONS
• TURIEL IS A STRUCTURALIST WHO WORKED ON THE
  DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CONVENTIONS

39
TURIEL

• THREE KINDS OF SOCIAL ACTION (MAX WEBER)
• CUSTOM
• A PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR
• EATING BREAKFAST FOOD IN THE MORNING

40
TURIEL

• CONVENTION
• A PART OF CUSTOM THAT IS CONSIDERED BINDING
• REGULATED BY SANCTIONS OF DISAPPROVAL
• MODES OF DRESS
• FORMS OF GREETING

41
TURIEL

• ETHICAL
• VALIDLY ESTABLISHED SYSTEM