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Data Reference(the very, very basics)
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Data-reference what do we need?

• Tools
• Strategies
• Terminology
• Understanding of what we are looking for not
  books or articles -- or facts.
  

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Data-reference what do we need?

• Understanding of what we are looking for not
  books or articles -- or facts.
  
• Terminology
• Strategies
• Tools

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La trahison des images, The treachery of images,
Rene Magritte

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Ceci nest pas les data.
Cest les statistiques!
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Data
Statistics
Raw (for analysis)
Cooked (facts)
Intended for use by computer
For human useEye-readable, charts, tables,
graphs
Computer-readable
Can be print, micro, computer readable
Collected based on social science methodologies
or administrative procedures
Produced from data
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Data
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Statistics
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Where do statistical babies come from?
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Data or Statistics Why does it matter?

• Different search strategies and tools.
• Defines your goal.
• Helps you know when you've found it!

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Tip Data or Statistics?

• Determine if the user wants (needs) statistics or
  data.
  
• Do you want want one number?
• Are you looking for a fact or figure?
• Do you want to know how many?

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Tip Data or Statistics?

• Determine if the user wants (needs) statistics or
  data.
  
• Or do you want a series of numbers?
• Do you want to identify trends, make comparisons,
  model relationships?
  
• Will you be using statistical software (not
  Excel)?
  

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http//factfinder.census.gov/
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http//www.census.gov/compendia/statab/elections/e
lection.pdf
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http//www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/06s0
405.xls
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ftp//ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aat44.tx
t
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http//www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab7.htm
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From survey to data to statistics
Survey instrument Q1. enter zip code Q2. ent
er Rs first name Q3. enter sex of R Q4. Wh
at was your major in College? Q5. What was your i
ncome last year? Q6. Did you go to church last we
ek?
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Answers to Questions
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 Wilma F lit 0 y
99005 Barney M engin 10 n
99005 Betty F . 0 n
92005 Ethel F theater 1000 y
12534 Fred M. M PE 10000 y
12534 Lucy F lit 700 y
25000 Ricky M music 11000 y
20000 Fred A. M dance 10500 n
15000 Ginger F math 9500 y
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Must anonymize the data!
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 Wilma F lit 0 y
99005 Barney M engin 10 n
99005 Betty F . 0 n
92005 Ethel F theater 1000 y
12534 Fred M. M PE 10000 y
12534 Lucy F lit 700 y
25000 Ricky M music 11000 y
20000 Fred A. M dance 10500 n
15000 Ginger F math 9500 y
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Must anonymize the data!
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 F lit 0 y
99005 002 M engin 10 n
99005 003 F . 0 n
92005 004 F theater 1000 y
12534 005 M PE 10000 y
12534 006 F lit 700 y
25000 007 M music 11000 y
20000 008 M dance 10500 n
15000 009 F math 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 F lit 0 y
99005 002 M engin 10 n
99005 003 F . 0 n
92005 004 F theater 1000 y
12534 005 M PE 10000 y
12534 006 F lit 700 y
25000 007 M music 11000 y
20000 008 M dance 10500 n
15000 009 F math 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 lit 0 y
99005 002 2 engin 10 n
99005 003 1 . 0 n
92005 004 1 theater 1000 y
12534 005 2 PE 10000 y
12534 006 1 lit 700 y
25000 007 2 music 11000 y
20000 008 2 dance 10500 n
15000 009 1 math 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
The codebook mustdocument the numeric codes
used!For example Variable sex 1 femal
e
2 male
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 lit 0 y
99005 002 2 engin 10 n
99005 003 1 . 0 n
92005 004 1 theater 1000 y
12534 005 2 PE 10000 y
12534 006 1 lit 700 y
25000 007 2 music 11000 y
20000 008 2 dance 10500 n
15000 009 1 math 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 0 y
99005 002 2 0070 10 n
99005 003 1 . 0 n
92005 004 1 0076 1000 y
12534 005 2 0001 10000 y
12534 006 1 0075 700 y
25000 007 2 0077 11000 y
20000 008 2 0078 10500 n
15000 009 1 0050 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 0 1
99005 002 2 0070 10 2
99005 003 1 . 0 2
92005 004 1 0076 1000 1
12534 005 2 0001 10000 1
12534 006 1 0075 700 1
25000 007 2 0077 11000 1
20000 008 2 0078 10500 2
15000 009 1 0050 9500 1
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 lit 0 y
99005 002 2 engin 10 n
99005 003 1 . 0 n
92005 004 1 theater 1000 y
12534 005 2 PE 10000 y
12534 006 1 lit 700 y
25000 007 2 music 11000 y
20000 008 2 dance 10500 n
15000 009 1 math 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 0 y
99005 002 2 engin 10 n
99005 003 1 . 0 n
92005 004 1 theater 1000 y
12534 005 2 PE 10000 y
12534 006 1 0075 700 y
25000 007 2 music 11000 y
20000 008 2 dance 10500 n
15000 009 1 math 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 0 y
99005 002 2 0070 10 n
99005 003 1 . 0 n
92005 004 1 0076 1000 y
12534 005 2 0001 10000 y
12534 006 1 0075 700 y
25000 007 2 0077 11000 y
20000 008 2 0078 10500 n
15000 009 1 0050 9500 y
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Sometimes, evennumeric variablesare encoded in
ranges. For example Variable income 1
less than 1000 2 1000 - 4999 3 5000 -
10000 4 more than 10000 9 not reported
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 0 1
99005 002 2 0070 10 2
99005 003 1 . 0 2
92005 004 1 0076 1000 1
12534 005 2 0001 10000 1
12534 006 1 0075 700 1
25000 007 2 0077 11000 1
20000 008 2 0078 10500 2
15000 009 1 0050 9500 1
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Change Text to Numeric Codes
Sometimes, evennumeric variablesare encoded in
ranges. For example Variable income 1
less than 1000 2 1000 - 4999 3 5000 -
10000 4 more than 10000 9 not reported
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 1 1
99005 002 2 0070 1 2
99005 003 1 . 1 2
92005 004 1 0076 2 1
12534 005 2 0001 3 1
12534 006 1 0075 1 1
25000 007 2 0077 4 1
20000 008 2 0078 4 2
15000 009 1 0050 3 1
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Data Files do not need headers
Zip Name Sex Major income church
29002 001 1 0075 1 1
99005 002 2 0070 1 2
99005 003 1 . 1 2
92005 004 1 0076 2 1
12534 005 2 0001 3 1
12534 006 1 0075 1 1
25000 007 2 0077 4 1
20000 008 2 0078 4 2
15000 009 1 0050 3 1
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Data Files do not need headers
29002 001 1 0075 1 1 99005 002
2 0070 1 2 99005 003 1 .
1 2 92005 004 1 0076 2 1 1253
4 005 2 0001 3 1
12534 006 1 0075 1 1
25000 007 2 0077 4 1
20000 008 2 0078 4 2
15000 009 1 0050 3 1
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Data Files do not need extra space
29002 001 1 0075 1 1 99005 002
2 0070 1 2 99005 003 1 .
1 2 92005 004 1 0076 2 1 1253
4 005 2 0001 3 1
12534 006 1 0075 1 1
25000 007 2 0077 4 1
20000 008 2 0078 4 2
15000 009 1 0050 3 1
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Data Files do not need extra space
290020011 0075 1 1 990050022
0070 1 2 990050031 . 1 2
920050041 0076 2 1 125340052 0001
3 1 125340061 0075 1 1 250000072
0077 4 1 200000082 0078 4 2 150
000091 0050 3 1
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Data Files do not need extra space
2900200110075 1 1 990050022
0070 1 2 990050031. 1 2 920
0500410076 2 1 1253400520001 3 1
1253400610075 1 1 2500000720077 4
1 2000000820078 4 2 1500000910050
3 1
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Data Files do not need extra space
29002001100751 1 990050022
00701 2 990050031. 1 2 92005004100762
1 12534005200013 1 12534006100751 1 250000
07200774 1 20000008200784 2 15000009100503
1
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Data Files do not need extra space
290020011007511 990050022
007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340
052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 2000
00082007842 150000091005031
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Codebook must document locations
290020011007511 990050022
007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340
052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 2000
00082007842 150000091005031
For example Variable sex location colum
n 9 width 1

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Codebook must document locations
123456789
290020011007511 990050022
007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340
052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 2000
00082007842 150000091005031
For example Variable sex location colum
n 9 width 1

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Codebook documents question, location, codes.
290020011007511 990050022
007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340
052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 2000
00082007842 150000091005031
For example Q3. enter sex of R
Variable sex location column 9 width
1 Variable sex 1 female 2
male
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To Use Data You Need 3 Things

• Data the datafile (the raw numbers)
• Metadata the codebook (where the numbers are
  and what they mean)
  
• Statistical Software (for reading the datafile
  and analyzing the data)

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Data
90020011007511
990050022007012 990050031. 12 92005004100762
1 125340052000131 125340061007511 250000072007
741 200000082007842 150000091005031

Codebook
Q3. enter sex of R Variable sex location
column 9 width 1
Variable sex
1 female 2 male

Statistical software
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And produces charts, tables, analysis, etc.
Student writes SPSS program to analyze data
SPSS reads the program
SPSS commands
90020011007511
990050022007012 990050031. 12 92005004100762
1 125340052000131 125340061007511 250000072007
741 200000082007842 150000091005031
SPSS reads the data.
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Codebook entry for variable PRES92
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Codebook entry for variable DEGREE
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Voted for Clinton
Junior college
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Tip "variables" contain the essential, important
content of data files
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Tip Data-reference is not about searching for an
answer

• Data reference is often less about searching to
  find an answer. (That's a statistical reference
  question.)
  
• Data reference is often more about exploring to
  find data that will enable users to ask a
  question.

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What have we learned?

• Data and statistics are not the same
• Data reference leads to primary research
  material, not facts or statistics.
  
• To use data, a user must have data, metadata, and
  statistical software.
  
• A-and

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What have we learned?

• "Variables" are what contain critical, important
  content of data files.
  
• And that means that the gold-standard of
  data-reference is variable-level searching.

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http//gort.ucsd.edu/calpol/
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