Lesson One:

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Chapter 9

• Lesson One
• The Rising Power of Rome

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Objectives

• Identify the inspiration behind much of the Roman
  architecture and art
• Identify Roman improvements on earlier building
  processes
• Describe the exterior of a typical roman
  structure.

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Brief History of the Roman Republic

• Until 509 BC, the Romans were under Etruscan rule
• It was this year the Romans drove Etruscans from
  Rome.

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Map of the Roman Republic
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Question

• After viewing the previous map, what does this
  tell you about the Roman Empire? In what way does
  it influence other cultures? Can you compare it
  to influence the US has on the world?

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The Greek Influence

• The Romans admired the Greek contributions of the
  art work. They copied paintings and sculputres
  similar to the Greeks.
• Advances in architecture was the main
  contribution to the art world.

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Portrait Sculpture

• Unlike the Greeks who portrayed their figures in
  an Idealistic manner, the Romans made their
  figures more life like.
• The Romans used funeral masks made of wax from
  deceased family members. Over time, more
  permanent materials were sought such as marble or
  bronze.

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Portrait bust of a man, 1st century B.C.
RepublicanRomanMarble H. 14.37 in. (36.5
cm)Rogers Fund, 1912 (12.233)
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Portrait bust of a woman, 200230 A.D.
SeveranRomanMarble H. 25.62 in. (65.07
cm)Rogers Fund, 1918 (18.145.39)
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Portrait head of Emperor Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus (called Caracalla), ca. 217230 Late
SeveranRomanMarble H. 14 1/4 in. (36.2
cm)Samuel D. Lee Fund, 1940 (40.11.1a)
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Differences Between Greek and Roman Sculptures

• Roman artists worked in the Greek tradition, but
  catered to present day demands.
• Greek sculpture was idealistic. Many of these
  sculptures were meant for public viewing
• Roman sculptures were commissioned work for
  private use and depicted life like people,
  wrinkles, warts, an all.
• Romans paid close attention to facial features
  and expression to know the character of that
  person.

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Mural Paintings

• Wealthy Romans adorned their homes with large
  wall paintings of the world around them.

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Roman Architecture

• Although few examples of paintings and sculptures
  come down to us, the Roman architecture still
  survives today.
• Few differences between Roman and Greek art.
  Greeks used columns as structure, the Romans did
  so more as decoration.

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Maison Carree France, Nimes approx.
B.C.19History of Roman Architecture Maison
Carree No.1
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The Temple Complex in Palestrina

• Made use of Greek features.
• Short distance from Rome
• In the modern town of Palestina
• House the goddess of Fortuna
• After the Christianization of Rome, the temple
  and the relics were left to ruin

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Design of the Temple Complex

• To span large interior openings, builders
  constructed arches called barrel vaults, a
  series of round arches from front to back that
  form a tunnel.
• The round arch improved on the post-and lintel
  system because of its load bearing capacity.

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Rounded Arches

• Made of cut bricks or stone. To hold the arch in
  place, Roman Builders placed a keystone, or a top
  stone of the arch.
• 1. Keystone 2. Voussoir 3. Extrados 4. Impost
  5. Intrados 6. Rise 7. Clear span 8. Abutment

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Concrete

• Light
• Durable
• Moldable
• Inexpensive
• Abundant

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Question

• With the innovations of Rounded arches and
  concrete, what changes or innovations do you
  think happen in Roman Architecture?

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Roman Aqueduct

• An aqueduct, a system that carried water from
  mountain streams into cities by using
  gravitational flow.
• Series of arches helped support each other
• These ran in lengths of 10 miles to 60 miles
• Carried about 270 million gallons a day

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Lesson Two Roman Buildings and Monuments

• Baths were vast enclosed structures that
  contained libraries, lecture rooms, gymnasiums,
  shops, restaurant, and pleasant walkways.
• More information on PBS Roman Baths including
  the Baths of Caracalla

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The Colosseum

• Built 72-80 AD in Rome
• Huge Structure that cover over 6 acres
• Owes its name to the colossal statue of Nero
• Over the centuries large amount of stones were
  taken by popes, rulers, and nobility from this
  building for other projects.

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Greek orders used

• The Colsseum use all three orders
• Lowest levels used the sturdiest order Doric
• Second level used Ionic
• Third level Corinthian
• The top level used pilasters, flat rectangular
  columns attached to the wall.

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The Colosseums interior

• 80 arched openings at ground level that served as
  efficient entries and egresses in and out of the
  arena.
• One door used for royalty, another used for
  victorious gladiators, other for the defeated.
• Could accommodate up to 50000 people.
• Upper class in the mid-tier seats will the common
  folks sat in the nose-bleeds
• Beneath the floor, compartment and passages held
  animals, gladiators, machinery, etc.

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Public Buildings and Structures
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The Pantheon A.D. 118-25

• Designed to be dedicated to all the Roman gods,
  later turned into a Christian church
• Still in use today and is in excellent condition.

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The Pantheon Interior

• Interior space has a great domed ceiling
• Opening at the top called the Oculus
• Diameter and distance to the top is exactly 144
  feet
• The Pantheon is divided into 3 zones
• Lowest zone has 7 niches, recesses in the wall.
  May have contained the statues of the Roman Gods.
  
• Middle zone has the signs of the Zodiac
• Highest zone is the domed ceiling covered in
  coffers, or indented panels.

Giovanni Paolo Panini, Interior of the Pantheon,
Rome. C. 1734. oil on canvas. 501/2 x 39.
National Gallery of Art
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Basilicas

• Romans constructed large spacious rectangular
  building to hold a large number of people. These
  are called basilicas.

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Interior Plan of a Basilica

• Rows and columns divided the space into was later
  called the Nave, a long wide center aisle.
• Roof was higher over the nave than the side
  aisle. This allowed windows to be built.
• At the end of the nave, a semicircular area was
  included called a apse.

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Triumphal Arches

• Triumphal Arch is a heavily decorated arch built
  as a monument of victory.
• Most decorated was the Arch of Constantine built
  312-15 AD