Historical Background Motivations for European integration

1
Historical BackgroundMotivations for European
integration

• Emerging East-West hostilities after WWII
  increased need for closer cooperation among
  Western democracies to safeguard security. Failed
  attempts (EDC)
• Economic difficulties in Western Europe,
  especially in the steel sector
• But previous attempts to create a European
  structure (OECD, Council of Europe) had created
  coordinating and deliberative IG institutions as
  countries resisted comprehensive transfer of
  (political) sovereignty
• ? New approach to foster cooperation needed

2
The Founding Treaties

• The Schuman Plan - (ECSC) 1st supran. body
• The Treaty of Rome 1957 - EEC its cornerstone
• SEA 1986 to enhance Internal Markets
• EU Treaty Maastricht 1992 3-pillar and EMU

3
Economic or Political?

• Economic aims prevail in founding treaties
• Majority of Community legislation and Commission
  powers initially in economic areas
• Major projects are often of an economic nature
  Common Market, Euro, etc

• ECSC economic in nature, but politically
  motivated
• Treaty of Rome calls for an ever closer
  Union between the peoples of Europe
  politically motivated
• Maastricht Treaty added dimension of Political
  Union
• EU constitution debate
• Economic integration as a means to an end, not
  an end in itself

• Political integration as a spill-over from
  economic integration
• Primary aim of European integration safeguard
  peace and prosperity in Europe

4
What is the EU?

• 1958 - Customs Union ? Common Market
• CAP
• 1987-1992 - Single Market
• 1993 Treaty on European Union
• 1999 2002 Eurozone
• 20?? Political union?

5
European Union
European Community
Common Foreign and Security Policy
Justice and Home Affairs

• Common Policies (e.g. agricultural, social,
  commercial, environmental,
  competition, development, etc.)
• Monetary Union
• Citizenship of the Union

• All areas of foreign policy
• European Security and Defence Policy

• Asylum and Immigration
• External border control
• Judicial cooperation
• Police cooperation and Europol

6
The Treaty of Rome

• June 1995
• Messina Conference negotiates detailed
  arrangements regarding the creation of an
  Economic Community READINESS FOR BROAD SOPO
• 25 March 1957
• Treaty of Rome Signed by the six ECSC members
• it was decided to extend the principle of
  cooperation and integration to all sectors of the
  economy. STILL NOT COMPLETED
• Main concrete aim creation of a common market
  LIMITED SOPO
• Accelerated by internal dynamics and success of
  the ECSC
• 1 January 1958
• The Treaty of Rome and the Euratom Treaty enter
  into force. The ECSC Treaty remains in force. The
  European Communities come to exist and work
  within a single institutional framework.

7
What a role for Community sopo

• Original intention a substantial role as in ECSC
• However, Germany bulldozzed France
• Unique chance was lost forever?
• The Founding Six had similar type of SOPO
• Prevailing logic positive economic development
  expands nat. social protection
• Dilemmas prevail
• Hand in hand economic and social integration?
  Commission slogan

8
Treaty on European Union

• The Berlin Wall the Iron curtain collapse,
  marking the start of a new political era and a
  new balance of power in Europe and the world
• German unification is suddenly and unexpectedly
  on the agenda
• 1990
• Wide enlargement expected. Decision to deepen
  before widening.
• Concerned to reform the EC to cope with the new
  situation and in order to build a suitable
  framework of European construction to integrate a
  reunified Germany. THUS. THE PLANNED AGENDA
  EXANDED
• 10 December 1991
• TW0 NEGOTIATIONS/ ORIGINALLY ONLY EMU The IGCs
  on economic and monetary union and on political
  union conclude at the Maastricht Council. SOPO
  DEAD-LOCK The Treaty on European Union is signed
  AND 1992 RATIFIED DK NO REFERENDA
• ONLY SINCE THEN THE EUROPEAN UNION EXISTS

9
NEW TREATIES

• Amsterdam Treaty of 1997
• Social Dimension EES and broadening the scope.
  However, art. 251 in SoSe Coordination
• Nice 2000 mainly institutional changes but goals
  not fully reached
• New Treaty of Oct. 2007 replacing the doomed
  Constitutional Treaty?

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Enlargement requires reform

• Up to 28 on more Member States in the future
• 27 Members as of 2007. MSs more than quadrupled
  to 1957
• BIG BANG 2004 Bulgaria (2007), Cyprus (ALREADY
  IN EMU), the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,
  Latvia, Lithuania, Malta (EMU), Poland, Romania
  (2007), Slovakia and Slovenia (EMU)
• Turkey is an official candidate for membership
• Institutions unlikely to cope the old setup
• Institutional reform was from practical point
  therefore inevitable
• Is Reform Treaty 2007 enough?

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October 2007 Reform Treaty

• GENERAL RESULTS
• SOCIAL DIMENSION
• PERSPECTIVES RATIFICATION
• NO HECTIC ACTIVITIES TO BE ANTICIPATED DESPITE
  COMMITTEE OF WISE MEN
• CONSOLIDATION MOST IMPORTANT

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Some theories

• neo-functionalism
• inter-govermentalism
• MTG
• Positive integration
• Negative integration
• SOME TERMS Basic troika/triptych
• deepening of integration,
• widening of integration
• enlargement
• Direct and indirect impact of integration