Learning

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Learning A relatively permanent change in
behavior due to an interaction with the
environment.
socialization
memory
IQ
Knowledge
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Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Law of Effect
Psychosocial Theory
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
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Behaviorism
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Classical Conditioning pairing naturally
occurring stimulus and response chain with
different stimulus in order to produce response
which is not naturally occurring.
UCR Unconditioned Response
UCS Unconditioned Stimulus
causes an
when paired with an
NS Neutral Stimulus
UCS
UCR

becomes a
which causes a
CR Conditioned Response
CS Conditioned Stimulus
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Classical Conditioning An Example
Albert the Rat
causes a
Loud noise (UCS)
Startle (UCR)
when paired with a
White Rat (NS)
Loud noise (UCS)
Startle (UCR)

becomes a
which causes a
White Rat (CS)
Startle/Fear (CR)
Anything white fuzzy
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Operant Conditioningaka Instrumental
conditioning
Learning by Consequences

• Use of Pleasant and Unpleasant Consequences to
  Control Behavior
• Reinforcing Consequences Increase Likelihood
  Behavior Will Be Repeated
• Punishing Consequences Decrease Likelihood
  Behavior Will Be Repeated

Consequences
Response
S
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Role of Consequences Reinforcement

• Primary Reinforcement
• Water,Sleep,Warmth,Food
• Secondary Reinforcement
• Candy,,Car,TV

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Role of Consequences Reinforcement

• Premack Principle
• If you clean up your room before your cousins
  arrive, well go to the movies when they get
  here.

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Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement
• Rewards
• Negative Reinforcement
• Withdrawal of Punishments
• Punishment
• Undesirable consequences

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Reinforcement Examples

• Positive Reinforcement
• A Gold Star for an Assignment Well Completed
• Encouragement for Effort
• Negative Reinforcement
• Not Having to Re-Write a Well-Written Paper
• Recess Starting on Time Once All Students are
  Seated Quietly

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Reinforcement Examples

• Intrinsic Reinforcers
• Playing the Violin for Its Own Sake
• Reading a Good Book for Pleasure
• Extrinsic Reinforcers
• Doing Algebra Homework to Avoid Bad Grade
• Receiving Praise for Writing Strong Essay

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Punishment

• imposing something unpleasant or aversive on
  person or animal in response to unwanted,
  disobedient or morally wrong behavior.

spanking
loss of stuff privileges
grounded
time-out
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Shaping
sit!

• Reinforcing Successive
• Approximations
• of a
• Desired
• Outcome

Lay!
Skateboard!
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Extinction

• Weakening and Eventual Elimination of Learned
  Behavior with Removal of Reinforcement.

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• Humans develop not only actions and behaviors,
  but also self concepts.
• Charles Horton Cooleys Looking Glass Self
• We see ourselves as we think other people see
  us.
• Thus, others perceptions of us can become a
  self-fulfilling prophecy or Pygmalion
  Effect.

Social Learning
Pygmalion (mythology), name of sculptor who
created ivory statue, Galatea,
and fell in love with it.
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Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory
Developmental theory arguing that personality is
learned through interactions with environment
We model after others.

• Modeling
• Observational Learning
• 1. Attentional Phase
• 2.Retention Phase
• 3. Reproduction Phase
• 4. Motivational Phase

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• General Assumptions of Cognitive Theories
• Some learning processes may be unique to human
  beings.
• Cognitive processes are the focus of study.
• Objective, systematic observations of people's
  behavior should be focus of scientific inquiry,
  however, inferences about unobservable mental
  processes can often be drawn from such behavior.
• Individuals are actively involved in the learning
  process.
• Learning involves formation of mental
  associations that are not necessarily reflected
  in overt behavior changes.
• Knowledge is organized.
• Learning is a process of relating new information
  
  to previously learned information.

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Cognitive Theories
LEARNING
Jean Piaget 4 Levels
of Cognitive Development Edward Tolman
Cognitive Map Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory of Cognitive
Learning Howard Gardner Multiple
Intelligences Wolfgang Kohler
Insight Learning
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Insight Learning Wolfgang Kohler
Sultan
Insight learning is type of learning or problem
solving that happens all-of-a-sudden through
understanding relationships to various parts of a
problem rather than
through trial and error.
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The Law of EffectTrial Error Learning

• Actions that are followed by favorable
  consequences are more likely to be repeated than
  actions followed by unfavorable consequences.
• Edward Thorndike

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• Psychoanalytic TheoryS. Freud
• Basic human drive is sexual and destructive
• Purpose of socialization is to divert dangerous
  impulses into socially acceptable forms
• Proper negotiation of stages of development is
  critical in first 6 years

Psychodynamic Theory
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PsychoSocial Theory
Erik Erikson

• Development theory
• Children and adults go through universal
  developmental processes 8 Stages!
• Human nature neither inherently good nor bad, but
  unfolding through contact with social environment