Pierces Disease and the Glassywinged Sharpshooter

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Coping with Pierces Disease in
California ------- Another Insect-Vectored
Bacterial Disease -------- Bob WynnStatewideCoor
dinator CDFA / PDCP
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Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (GWSS)
Xylella fastidiosa
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Glassy-winged Sharpshooter

• Is native to southeastern U.S. and northern
  Mexico
• In southern CA since about 1990
• Has wide host range and builds to large numbers
• Feeds on the xylem (water-conducting elements) of
  plants
• Vectors the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa

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Xylella fastidiosa

• In California since about 1880
• Causes plant disease by plugging up the xylem of
  plants
• Diseases include
• Pierces disease (grapes)
• Almond leaf scorch (almonds)
• Oleander leaf scorch (oleander)
• Citrus variegated chlorosis (citrus)
• Others

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Whats at Stake?-- Californias Grape Industry --

• All Grapes
• 800,000 acres
• 6 million tons produced
• 3 billion farmgate value
• Winegrapes
• 51.8 billion state economic benefit
• 103 billion national economic benefit
• 309,000 jobs in California
• 759,000 jobs in the U.S.

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Background
1999 Say goodbye to California wines.
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Chronology
Local Emergency in Temecula
CDFA Research Task Force
Governor signs AB 1232
Advisory Task Force Appointed
Nursery Inspections Begin
CDFA Draft Management Plan
Pest Management Areas Form
Federal Funds Requested
JUNE
Grape Movement /Biocontrol
GOVERNOR Appropriates 14 million Receives 22
mil. Federal Funds
Emergency Regulations
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Impacted At-Risk Areas

• Southern California (Temecula)
• Central California (Kern Tulare Counties)
• Northern Coastal California (Napa/Sonoma)

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PD GWSS in California
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Management Practices for PD- Grapes -

• Pathogen Control
• Vineyard inspections and testing
• Roguing of diseased vines vineyards
• Vector Control
• Trapping and monitoring
• Insecticide treatments
• Inspection certification of bulk grape
  shipments
• Additional Measures
• Site vineyards away from pathogen vector
  sources
• Removal of alternate hosts

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Grapes
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Grapevine Loss Assistance Program

• Part of Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000
• Reimbursed growers for vineyards lost to PD
  GWSS
• Encouraged vineyard removal, reducing amount of
  Xf inoculum

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Management Practices for PD- Nursery -

• Vector Control
• Trapping and monitoring
• Insecticide treatments
• Inspection and certification of shipments
• Safeguarding

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Nursery
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Management Practices for PD- Citrus -

• Vector Control
• Trapping and monitoring
• Systemic and contact insecticides
• Sanitation and safe harvesting
• Inspection and certification of bulk citrus
  shipments

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Bulk Citrus
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Area-wide Projects

• Coordinated vector control over large
  agricultural areas
• Trapping and monitoring
• Insecticide treatments

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The Basics

• Target citrus in a geographically defined area
• Timing of treatments
• Grower participation
• Assess the data
• Current historical trapping history (1/4 mile
  grid), survey data
• Past treatments, existing pest management
  strategies
• Other influences (organic citrus, windbreaks,
  other hosts)
• Recommend treatment
• treatments coordinator
• grower county
  growers
• reimbursed
• Cooperation, cooperation, cooperation ?

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Kern County GWSS
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Tulare County GWSS
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Area-wide Project Results
Before
After
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Biological Control
G. morrilli (female)
G. triguttatus
G. fasciatus
G. ashmeadi
G. morrilli
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California Winegrape Assessment

• Based on value of harvested grapes
• Maximum rate is 3 per 1,000 of value
• Total collected in 7 years 31.8 million
• 18.3 million used to fund 100 basic research
  projects since July 2001
• Other expenditures include
• Biocontrol
• Outreach
• PIPRA
• NAS review
• RSAP
• Research Director

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Research

• Searching for solutions to PD GWSS
• Over 200 projects, conducted by scientists from
  California, other states, the USDA-ARS, and
  Brazil
• Research Symposium held annually to foster
  communication
• Examining intellectual property issues via
  contract with PIPRA
• Research Director activities
• Research Program Review (RSAP)

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Areas with Significant Progress

• Identification of pathogen factors that mediate
  virulence (DSF, PGIPs, tolC)
• Grape and Xylella genomics
• Potential for using transgenic rootstocks
• Area-wide control of insect vectors
• Epidemiology
• Biological control
• Breeding grapes for resistance

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Questions?