The Rise of Urban America

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The Rise of Urban America

• Public Policy Urban Affairs (PPUA) G6201
• The 21st Century City
• Urban Opportunities and Challenges in a Global
  Context
• Presentation of
• Mary Huff Stevenson (UMass Boston)
• Russ Williams (Wheaton College)

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Urban America in the 19th Century
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Mary
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Russ
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Russ
Economic Pull Factors Affecting Migration To
Cities 1890-1910 Textile manufacturing,
introduced into the South in 1880s expands,
drawing workers to Southern cities. By 1910, half
of all U. S. textile
manufacturing is being done in the
South. 1900-1910 Cities in North and South
grow rapidly. 1914-18 Expansion of
manufacturing during WWI attracts whites and
Blacks to cities in North and South. 1920s
Displacement due to introduction of
machinery is negligible. 1930-1940 Number of
Black farmers decreases by 23 percent from
749,000 to 574,000 (a decrease of 175,000).
Number of white farmers decreases by
50,000 (less than 4 percent). Reverse migration
by whites from cities is substantial, as
some whites leave cities and take on subsistence
farming to weather the Great Depression.
(The number of white farm owners increased
by 74,000. (12 percent) 1940s War
industries (steel, refineries, textiles) spur
city development
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Mary
Immigration and Emigration by Decade
1901-90(Numbers in thousands)

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Mary
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Mary
Foreign Born Americans (includes all places over
2,500)
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Estimated Migration of Black Americans from the
South
Mary
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Mary
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Mary
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Mary
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Effect of External Economies and External
Diseconomies on Short Run
Average Costs
Russ
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Russ

• Why were cities such magnets for population?
• Cities are efficient places for production
• Agglomeration Economies
• (e.g Auto Mile, Hollywood, Wall St.)
• Knowledge Spillovers
• Modern Equivalent Clusters (Michael Porter)

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Russ
Figure 3.3 A Typical Long Run Average Cost
Curve
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Russ

• Scale Economies
• Large Manufacturing Facilities
• Services that require a critical population mass
  (e.g Department Stores, Museums)
• Major League Sports
• Public Transportation

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Russ
Transportation Costs for a Resource-Oriented
Firm (also called a materials-oriented firm)
A
Resource Site
Market
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Russ
Transportation Costs for a Market-Oriented Firm
B
Resource Site
Market
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The Weber Location Polygon for Two Resource Sites
and a Single Market
Russ
C

• Steel Production
• Taconite from Duluth
• Coal from West Virginia
• Limestone from Michigan

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• Table 4.1 Percent of Metropolitan Population
  Living
• in Central Cities
• Year Percent in Central Cities
• 1910 64.6
• 1920 66.0
• 1930 64.6
• 1940 62.7
• --------------------------------------------------
  ----------------------------------
• 1950 58.6
• 1960 51.4
• --------------------------------------------------
  ----------------------------------
• 2000 37.4
• Growth of Suburbs
• Forces of Centralization up to 1920 (Centripetal
  Forces)

Mary
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Mary
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Mary
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Mary
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Mary
HOW DOES LAND GET ITS VALUE? The Game of
Monopoly
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Russ
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Russ
The Bid Rent Curve and the effect of a change in
product price or a change in transportation
costs
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Russ
Bid Rent Curves for two different uses of land
and the resulting land distribution
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Russ
The Residential Paradox
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Russ
Family and Neighborhood Income Profile, 100
Largest Metro Areas, 1970-2000 (Percentage
Shares)
Russ
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Barry
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Russ
Total Cost
A
Transportation Cost
Labor Cost
Site Cost
Miles from
Central City
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Russ
The Location Decision under Conditions of High
Site Costs and Rising Transportation Costs
Total Cost
B
Transportation Cost
Labor Cost
Site Cost

Miles from Central City
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Russ
The Location Decision under Conditions of Zero
Transportation Costs and Steeply Falling Labor
Costs
Total Cost
C
Site Cost
Labor Cost
Transportation Cost

Miles from Center City
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Barry
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Barry
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Barry