Chapter 13: Primative Fishes'''

1
Chapter 13 Primative Fishes...
2
Polypteriformes

• Primitive Traits
• Ganoid Scales
• Lung-like gas bladder gulp air survive in low
  O2
• Spiracle
• Spiral Valve
• Heterocercal Tail
• Unique Traits
• Lobed Fins coelocanths or lungfishes
• Dorsal fins 5 18 separate dorsal fins
• Restricted to Africa aquarium fish birchirs

3
Polypteriformes-coelocanths, lungfish
4
Acipenseriformes

• Cartilaginous skeletons lacking vertebral centra
• Strongly heterocercal tail
• Anus and urogenital openings at base of pelvic
  fins
• Spiracle present in some species
• Conus arteriosus with multiple valves
• Spiral valve present in intestine

5
Acipenseriformes

• Sturgeons
• Bony scutes
• Sensory barbels
• Mostly freshwater few marine and anadromous
• Prized for eggs cavier
• Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia
• Stock collapsing (Asian)
• Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon
• Very fecund mature at a late age

6
(No Transcript)
7
Acipenseriformes

• Paddlefish
• Lack bony scutes long rostrum
• 2 genera American (Polyodon spathula)
• Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius)
• American Spoonbill cat
• Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers
• Planktivore Long, narrow gill rakers
• Up to 2m in length 75 kg
• Rostrum electrosensory function?
• -- rooting through sediment?

8
Acipenseriformes

• Paddlefish
• Chinese (Psepherus gladius)
• Yangtze River system
• Smaller rostrum
• Presumed piscivorous
• Danger of extinction
• Dam construction
• overfishing

9
Semionotiformes Gars

• Thick ganoid scales
• Bony head and snout
• Long jaws with strong sharp teeth
• Spiral valve intestine
• Gas bladder divided internally
• Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

10
Semionotiformes Gars

• Primitive predators
• N. America
• 1 species in Cuba
• All but one freshwater
• Alligator gar occasionally enters SW
• Gas bladder divided internally
• Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

11
Order Ammiiformes

• One species, the bowfin (Amia calva)
• Heterocercal tail
• Rudimentary spiral valve intestine
• Cycloid scales
• Physostomous gas bladder

12
Order Ammiformes

• Bowfin
• Predatory species
• Sucks prey into its mouth (canine teeth)
• Swims via undulations of long dorsal fin
• Gulping air for surviving low O2 waters
• Males build and defend nests
• Defends young until
• they are 10 cm long
• Edible? depends!

13
Division Teleostei

• Cycloid or ctenoid scales (when present)
• Lack of spiral valve intestine
• three or four lower jaw bones per side

14
Primitive vs. Advanced Traits
15
Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)
16
Division Teleostei

• Divided into 4 groups
• Osteoglossomorpha bonytongues, mooneyes
• Elopomorpha tarpons and eels
• Clupeomorpha herrings
• Euteleostei everything else

17
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha

• Mostly tropical species of Africa, Asia, and
  South America
• Have enhanced electrosensory abilities
• Some used as food
• Mostly aquarium species
• Examples
• Arrowannas popular aquarium fish
• Mooneye herring-like fish from the Great Lakes
  Region. Some value as sport and food fish

18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
Subdivision Elopomorpha

• Characterized by leptocephalus larva
• Long and laterally compressed
• Evidence of phylogenetic affinity with eels
• Order Elopiformes
• Order Anguiliformes
• Suborder Anguilloidei
• Suborder Muranoidei
• Suborder Congroidei
• Order Saccopharyngiformes

21
Elopamorpha

• O. Elopiformes tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish
• important recreational species
• No market for meat
• Sought for large size and active fighting habits

22
Elopamorpha

• Order Anguilliformes eels
• 20 families of eels
• Elongated bodies with large number of vertebrae
• Pectoral fins reduced in size
• Pelvic fins absent
• Scales reduced in size or absent

23
Elopamorpha

• Suborder Anguilloidei
• American, European and Japanese eels (Anguilla)
• Catadromous spawn in SW, mature in FW
• American and European eels
• Spawn in deep waters in central N. Atlantic
• Leptocephali drift with current
• Transform into threadlike elvers
• Ascend rivers and spend several years there
  maturing

24
Elopamorpha

• Suborder Muraenoidei
• Moray eels of tropical oceans
• Lack pectoral fins
• Some have venomous bite

25
Elopamorpha

• Suborder Congroidei
• Large group of marine eels
• Some used for food

26
Elopamorpha

• Order Saccopharyngiformes eels
• Group of bizarre deep-sea fishes
• Includes
• Gulper eels
• Snipe eels

27
Subdivision Clupeomorpha

• Herrings and anchovies
• Important food fishes
• Silvery, compressiform fishes
• Large silvery scales

28
Subdivision Clupeomorpha

• Soft rays only
• Large easily shed cycloid scales
• Bony scutes on ventral and sometimes dorsal
  surfaces
• Gas bladder extends anterior into the skull
  (otophystic)
• Helps transmit low frequency sounds to the ear

29
Subdivision Clupeomorpha

• Order Clupeiformes
• Mostly marine planktivores
• - some freshwater, anadromous, and predatory
  forms
• Extremely high biomass
• Important role in food chain
• - gizzard and threadfin shad typically stocked as
  a forage base for pike and largemouth bass,

30
(No Transcript)
31
Order Clupeiformes

• Large scale fisheries exist for marine species
• Some consumed by humans
• Used in animal feeds and fertilizers
• Population dependent on plankton abundance which
  is dictated by ocean circulation
• Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water
• Nutrients ?phytoplankton bloom ?zooplankton
  ?anchovies
• El Niño

32
Subdivision Euteleostei

• Encompasses all remaining fish
• Large assemblage of fishes
• Possess more advanced characteristics

33
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Possess Webberian Apparatus
• - modified anterior vertebrae and special bony
  connections between gas bladder and ear
• Contains
• - minnows
• - suckers
• - tetras
• - catfishes

34
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Gonorhynchiformes
• Order Cypriniformes
• Family Cyprinidae
• Family Catastomidae
• Order Characiformes
• Order Siluriformes
• Order Gymnotiformes

35
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Gonorhynchiformes
• milkfish (Chanos chanos)
• Important aquaculture species in SE Asia
• Raised in earthen ponds
• Important source of animal protein

36
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Cypriniformes
• Family Cyprinidae

- Jaw Teeth Absent
- Adipose Fin Absent
- Barbels Present
- N. America and
Eurasia
- Base forage
37
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Cypriniformes
• Family Cyprinidae
• Grass Carp
• Introduced species
• Herbivore
• Eradicates vegetation
• Illegal to stock or sell diploids
• Triploids acceptable

38
Cyprinidae Minnows
39
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Cypriniformes
• Family Catastomidae
• suckers
• Fleshy protrusible lips
• White and spotted suckers
• Buffalo fishes
• Redhorses
• Quillbacks
• carpsuckers

40
Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Characiformes

- Jaw Teeth Present
- Adipose Fin Present
- Barbels Absent
America, and Africa
- S. America, C.
41
Charachidae Tetras
42
Siluriformes

• Lack Scales, often with bony plates on head or
  body
• Teeth present on premaxillary, absent on
  maxillary
• Many have venomous spines composed of fused
  soft rays
• - venom gland at base of spine

43
Siluriformes

• Well developed sensory barbels
• Usually an adipose fin
• Found on all continents except Antartica
• Some marine (gafftop and sea catfish)
• Greatest diversity in S. America
• Important food source
• Important game and aquarium fishes

44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
Gymnotiformes

• Unusual electrical fishes
• South and Central America
• Elongated bodies and small eyes
• Sometimes called S. American knifefishes
• Modified muscle tissue for production of
  electrical fields
• Electric eel (produce more than 500 volts)

47
Class Osteichthyes Infradivision Euteleostei
CHAPTER 18
Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes
True teleosts
48
Suberorder Ostariophysi

• 6500 species
• Dominant freshwater fishes
• Some of most important aquaculture species

49
Suberorder Ostariophysi

• Six Characteristics of group
• Have fright substance (Schreckstoff) released
  into water when fish is injured
• Swimbladder is present and usually has two
  chambers
• Unculi present small unicellular projections on
  body that may provide rough surface for clinging
  or scraping
• Breeding tubercles well developed
• Upper jaw (premaxilla) easily extended for
  suction feeding
• Pelvic fins abdominal in position

50
Order Gonorynchiformes

• Toothless mouths
• Epibranchial organs (modified gill rakers for
  breaking up ingested food

51
Family Chanidae

• Milkfish
• Marine and brackish water species
• One of most important food fishes of Southeast
  Asia
• Adults to 1.8 m
• Silvery sides
• Deeply forked tails

52
Milkfish Chanos chanos
53
Order Cypriniformes

• Dominate freshwter fishes of North America and
  Eurasia
• 2700 species
• Most possess protractile mouths without teeth
• Most posses pharyngeal teeth
• Heads lack scales (with few exceptions)
• All lack adipose fins

54
Family CyprinidaeMinnow or Carp family

• Largest family of fishes
• Includes
• Minnows
• Danios
• Rasabora
• Barbs
• Goldfish
• Koi
• Loaches
• Ornamental sharks
• carps

55
Cyprinidae

• Largest family of fishes
• More than 2,000 species
• The Cyprinidae are scattered throughout most of
  the world, and include cold water types as well
  as those of tropical waters.
• Members distinguished by their pharyngeal teeth
• Most have soft fin rays however, modified into
  spines in common carp and goldfish

56
CyprinidaeSome Images
57
Sailfin shiner
Notropis hypselopterus
58
Notropis signipinnis
Flagfin shiner
59
Notropis maculatus
Taillight shiner
60
Notripis welaka
Bluenose shiner
61
Cyprinella venusta
Blacktail shiner
62
Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae
Pugnose shiner
63
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Golden shiner
64
Notropis rubellus
65
Campostoma anomalum
66
Rosy barbPuntius conchonius

• Asia

67
Sumatra barbPuntius tetrazona

• Southeast Asia

68
Pearl danioBrachydanio albolineatus

• Asia

69
Zebra danioDanio rerio

• Asia

70
White cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes

• China, Vietnam

71
Three-lined rasboraRasbora trilineata

• East Asia

72
GoldfishCarassius auratus auratus

• Central Asia and China

73
Common carpCyprinus carpio carpio

• Throughout Europe and Asia

74
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

• Asis, former USSR, China

75
Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

• Asia, China, and eastern Siberia

76
Red-Finned SharkEpalzeorhynchus frenatus

• Southeast Asia

77
Family CatastomidaeSuckers

• Mainly North American
• 68 species
• Most live in streams
• Mostly bottom browsers with subterminal mouths

78
Sonora suckerCatostomus insignis

• Western United States

79
Family CobitidaeLoaches, Botia

• Found mostly in streams of Eurasia
• 160 species
• Popular aquarium fishes
• All have subterminal mouths

80
Clown loach Botia macracanthus

• Sumatra, Borneo

81
Order Characiformes

• Mexico, Central and South America 1,350 species
• Africa 200 species
• In South America charicins (and catfish) totally
  dominate fish fauna
• Presently 18 families, but will change
• Most are diurnal predators with large eyes
• No eyes in some cave dwellers

82
African Characins

• Four families
• More than 200 species
• Some have specialized jaws for snipping off
  shunks of fins of other fishes
• Include African tetras (Alestidae), formally in
  Characidae - same family as S. American tetras.
  These are sold in the aquarium trade
• Most notable Alestidae are African tigerfishes

83
Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish

• Congo River basin, Lualaba River, Lake Upemba,
  and Lake Tanganyika

84
Characidae

• South and Central America
• Approximately 700 species
• One species in N. America
• All have good sets of jaw teeth
• Variety of feeding habits found
• Some species feed largely on scales of other
  fishes

85
Serrasalmus manueli

• Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin

86
Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha

• Orinoco Basin

87
Colossoma macropomumTambaqui

• Amazon and Orinoco Basins

88
Colossoma teeth
89
Acestrohynchidae

• Lie and wait predators Brazil

90
CtenoluciidaePike-characids
Lie and wait predator S. America
91
Cynodontidae

• Brazil, northern
• S. America

92
Gasteropelecidaehatchetfishes

• South America

93
AnostomidaeHeadstanders

• Herbivores or detritivores S. America

94
SiluriformesCatfishes

• Active after dark
• 2400 species
• 1- 4 pairs of barbels
• Adipose fin
• No scales but may have armored plates
• Spines on forward edge of pectoral and dorsal
  fins
• Pectoral spines lock out
• Have Weberian apparatus

95
Callichthyidae

• Moderately deep bodied (flattened ventrally
• Protected with bony plates and spines
• Often live in stagnant water
• Able to swallow air and absorb in highly
  vascularized portion of hind gut
• Found in S. America and Panama

96
Spotted corydoras Corydoras ambiacus
97
Flagtail catfish Dianema urostriatum
98
DoradidaeThorny catfishes

• Found in South America

99
Megalodoras uranoscopus
100
Raphael catfishPlatydoras costatus
101
Ripsaw catfishOxydoras niger 
102
MochokidaeUpside-down catfish

• All from Africa

103
SiluridaeGlass catfish and sheatfishes

• Ghost Catfish
• Kryptopterus minor SE Asia

104
Family LoricariidaeArmored catfishes

• Also called suckermouth catfishes
• Adapted for acraping or sucking algae from
  bottom in streams
• Mouths adapted for holding onto rocks in fast
  water
• Found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America

105
Acanthicus adonis
106
Bushymouth catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus
107
Chocolate-colored catfishRineloricaria lanceolata

108
AriidaeHardhead and gafftopsail catfish

• Feed on benthic inverts
• Noisy schools created by clicking of pectoral
  spines and vibration of swimbladder
• Males incubate eggs in mouth
• Primarily marine

109
Gafftopsail sea catfishBagre marinus
110
Clariidae

• Walking catfish
• Air breathing
• Walk using pectoral fins and swinging from side
  to side
• Clarius Batrachus (Asia) has become pest in
  Florida

111
African catfishClarias gariepinus
112
Walking catfishClarius batrachus
113
IctaluridaeNorth American catfishes

• Scaleless
• Usually dark in color
• Large flattened heads
• 8 barbels
• High degree of parental care build nests and
  guard eggs and young
• Channel catfish 1 aquaculture foodfish in United
  States

114
Channel catfishIctalurus punctatus
115
Blue catfishIctalurus furcatus
116
Shark catfishesPangasiidae

• Endemic to Mekong Basin
• Rare because of overexploitation
• aquaculture species

117
Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas

• Max. recorded weight, 350kg

118
CHAPTER 19Smelt, Salmon, and Pike

• Class Osteichthyes
• Subclass Actinopterygii
• Subdivision Teleostei
• Infradivision Euteleostei
• Superorder - Protacanthopterygii

119
Superorder Protacanthopterygii

• This group supposed to contain the presumed
  ancestors to the spiny-rayed fishes
  (Acanthopterygii) that dominate the worlds
  oceans
• Contains 310 species in 3 orders
• Lack spines
• Many have adipose fins
• Species in fresh and marine environments

120
Order Argentiniformes

• Contains more than 160 species from 7 families
• All small fishes with large eyes
• Live in deep sea environments
• All possess and epibranchial organ (crumenal) for
  grinding up small prey.
• Organ consists of small pouch just behind fourth
  gill arch

121
Order Argentiniformes (cont)

• Gill rakers on both sides fit into pouch where
  they interdigitate to break up food particles

122
Family argentinidae

• Herring smelts
• Distribution Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

123
Bathylagidae

• Deep sea smelts

124
 

• Microstomatidae
• Curious wormfishGunnellichthys curiosus

125
Elegant firefish Nemateleotris decora
126
Yellowstripe wormfish Gunnellichthys viridescens
127
Blackfin dartfish Ptereleotris evides
128
Lined dartfish Ptereleotris grammica
129
Opisthoproctidaebarreleyes
130
Liptochilichthyidae

• Deep sea

131
Alepocephalidaeslickheads
132
Platytroctidaetubeshoulders
133
Order Salmoniformes

• Smelts and salmonids
• Mostly cold water
• Most can easily move between fresh and salt water
• Smelts and salmonids distantly related

134
Suborder Osmeroidei

• Small elongate fishes
• Prey on small invertebrates
• Frequently found in large numbers
• Favored food fishes
• Include
• Northern smelts
• Noodlefishes
• Southern smelts

135
Northern smelts

• Includes Osmeridae (true smelts)
• Approximately only 13 species
• Generally small (lt 20cm)
• However, can be enormously abundant in coastal
  areas of northern hemisphere
• All are excellent food
• They eat zooplankton and small fish

136
Atlantic rainbow smeltOsmerus mordax mordax
137
Salangidaenoodlefishes or icefishes

• 11 species
• Abundant
• Important fisheries
• Found in Japan, China, Southeast Asia
• Elongate, scaleless, and nearly transparent
  because of poorly ossified skeleton

138
Southern smelts

• Coastal and fresh waters of Australia and New
  Zealand
• Small, trout-like fishes
• Include
• Galaxiidae
• Retropinnidae
• Lepidogalixiidae

139
Galaxiidae

• Occur in freshwater on all the southern
  continents except Antartica
• Distribution can be explained by plate tectonics
  or planktonic , marine larvae

140
InangaGalaxias maculatus

• Chile

141
Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis 

• New Zealand

142
RetropinnidaeNew Zealand smelts

• Cucumberfish
• Retropinna retropinna
• New Zealand

143
Lepidogalaxiidaesalamander fishes

• Salamanderfish
• Lepidogalaxias salamandroides
• Only found in southwest corner of Australia in
  pools and streams

144
Suborder Salmonoidei

• One family Salmonidae
• Approximately 70 species
• Dominant fishes of cold-water streams and lakes
  of North America and Eurasia
• Most species anadromous
• Three subfamilies
• Salmon and trout
• Graylings
• Whitefishes

145
Salmon and trout

• Coho salmon
• Oncorhynchus kisutch 

146
Salmon and trout

• Chinook salmon
• Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

147
Salmon and trout

• Sockeye salmon
• Oncorhynchus nerka

148
Salmon and trout

• Atlantic salmon
• Salmo salar

149
Salmon and trout

• Brown trout
• Salmo trutta fario

150
Salmon and trout

• Brook trout
• Salvelinus fontinalis

151
Graylings

• Arctic grayling
• Thymallus arcticus arcticus

152
whitefishes

• Common whitefish
• Coregonus lavaretus

153
Order Esociformes

• 10 species
• All freshwater
• Widespreadin North America and northern Eurasia
• Lie and wait predators
• 2 families
• Esocidae (pikes) can be large
• Umbridae (mudminnows) generally small

154
Esocidae(pikes 5 species)

• Northeren pike
• Esox lucius

155
Pikes

• Chain pickerel
• Esox niger

156
Pikes

• Muskellunge
• Esox masquinongy

157
Umbridae (Mudminnows 5 species)

• Central mudminnow
• Umbra limi