DEPRIVATION AND PRIVATION

1
DEPRIVATION AND PRIVATION

• DEPRIVATION an attachment bond is broken for a
  relatively long period of time
• PRIVATION the lack of any attachment. This has
  more severe consequences than deprivation

2
BOND DISRUPTION

• This can occur as a result of divorce or death of
  a parent
• Bowlby claimed that attachment is critical to
  healthy psychological development
• One way of determining the validity of disruption
  is to consider its effects on the infant

3
(No Transcript)
4
BOWLBYS PDD MODEL

• Bowlby and Robertson found that a child passes
  through 3 stages when separated from an
  attachment figure
• PROTEST an intense period of crying, when the
  child seems panic-stricken
• DESPAIR loss of hope. Child loses interest
• DETACHMENT child becomes less distressed, but
  does not react positively to mother when she
  reappears

5
EVALUATION OF PDD MODEL

• Barrett suggested that the model does not take
  individual differences into account
• Securely attached and insecurely attached
  children may react differently
• The process can be alleviated if certain steps
  are taken

6
ROBERTSON AND ROBERTSON

• Found ways to reduce negative effects of
  separation
• The children visited their home before the
  separation took place
• Provided a familiar daily routine
• They discussed the childs mother with them

7
RESULTS

• The children showed much less distress than a
  comparable group who were left in a nursery
• This is because the nursery children experienced
  worse bond disruption because they were not
  offered substitute mothering
• So separation need not lead to bond disruption

8
LONG TERM EFFECT OF SEPARATION

• According to Bowlby
• Breaking the maternal bond with the child during
  the early years of life is likely to have serious
  effects on its intellectual, social and emotional
  development
• This is the
• MATERNAL DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS

9
MATERNAL DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS

• The negative effects of maternal deprivation were
  believed to be permanent and irreversible
• In the 1950s this idea was revolutionary
• Bowlby went on to claim that
• Mother love in infancy is as important to
  mental health as vitamins are to physical health

10
44 THIEVES STUDY

• AIMS To see if there was a link between early
  separation and affectionless psychopathy
• PROCEDURE 44 children who were reffered to
  Bowlbys clinic for stealing were studied.
• They were compared to a control group of 44
  children who had emotional problems but did not
  steal

11
FINDINGS 44 THIEVES

• 32 of thieves were affectionless psychopaths.
  None of the controls were
• 86 of the thieves who were diagnosed as
  affectionless psychopaths had experienced early
  separation for at least a week before age 5
• Only 17 of the thieves without A.P. had been
  maternally deprived

12
CONCLUSIONS AND EVALUATION

• CONCLUSION Maternal deprivation can lead to lack
  of emotional feelings for others (affectionless
  psychopathy)
• EVALUATION Data was retrospective and may not be
  reliable
• Some separations were very short
• Bowlby made the diagnosis AND was the researcher,
  so results may be biased
• Evidence is correlational, and does not establish
  the cause

13
INSTITUTIONALISATION

• SPITZ South American orphanages
• Many children found to be suffering from
  anaclitic depression.
• What is this? P.98/119
• This was attributed to maternal deprivation and
  lack of emotional care.
• Children who became depressed in hospital tende
  to recover if the separation was less than 3
  months

14
GOLDFARB 1947

• Group1
• spent 3 months in an inadequate orphanage
• Group 2
• spent 3 years in an inadequate orphanage
• At age 12, Group 2
• did less well on intelligence tests
• Were less socially mature
• More likely to be aggressive

15
ORPHANAGES

16
(No Transcript)
17
RUMANIAN ORPHANS

• 111 of these were adopted in Britain before the
  age of 2
• By age 4 they were physically and mentally normal
• The ones adopted at a later age showed slowest
  improvement, but with good care they eventually
  caught up

18
DO THE FINDINGS ON ORPHANAGES SUPPORT THE MDH?

• Hard to tell, because orphanage children suffer
  both physical and emotional care
• They also had less stimulation and attention
• So their lack of development could be caused by
  either/or/both
• Absence of mother (emotional care)
• Poor conditions of institution (physical care)

19
WIDDOWSON

• DEPRIVATION DWARFISM is a condition found in
  orphanage children.
• It is a form of physical under development, but
  dietary supplements do not improve it
• Widdowson found that a caring supervisor did
  improve the childrens physical condition
• So improved emotional care, not physical care,
  improved the childrens physical condition

20
HOSPITALISATION

• NATIONAL SURVEY OF HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT 1975
• Longitudinal study of 5,000 children born in one
  week in1946
• Assessed at regular intervals to age 26
• Those who had spent more than aweek in hospital,
  or had regular admissions, had more behaviour
  problems and were poorer readers

21
EVALUATION OF HOSPITALISATION STUDIES

• Children who are hospitalised may have poorer
  home conditions
• Being in hospital creates anxiety, and this may
  be the reason for the difference, not bond
  disruption

22
BOWLBYS HOSPITAL STUDY

• 1956 Children with TB, all under 4 years, were
  studied.
• They spent between 5-24 months in a sanatorium
• They were visited weekly by their parents
• This minimised bond disruption
• When they were tested by their teachers, no
  harmful effects on cognitive or emotional
  development were found

23
EVALUATION OF MDH

• Evidence suggests that early separation can have
  negative consequences but not necessarily
• The damage may be reversible
• Because of this research, parents are now allowed
  to stay with their sick child in hospital

24
SEPARATION, PRIVATION AND DEPRIVATION

• SEPARATION may occur with or without bond
  disruption
• Privation never forming an attachment, is
  considered more harmful than deprivation when
  an attachment bond is broken
• Can children recover from privation?

25
APFCC LONG TERM EFFECTS OF PRIVATION

• RESEARCHERS Tizard and Hodge
• AIMS to find if the negative effects of
  privation can be reversed
• PROCEDURE 65 children in care before 4 years old
  were studied.
• Natural experiment using a matched pairs design.
  Longitudinal study (to 16 years old)
• Had had average of 24 caregivers by age 2

26
(No Transcript)
27
CONCLUSIONS

• Some effects of privation can be reversed
• Adopted children had better relationships with
  caregivers than restored children
• How can the difference between adopted and
  restored children possibly be accounted for?
• Children from the institution had difficulties
  forming peer relationships, so early privation
  has long term effects

28
EVALUATION OF STUDY

• Longitudinal studies always suffer sample
  drop-off
• It is possible that the adopted children were
  selected for adoption because they were more
  appealing. This would create bias in the sample
• We cannot establish cause and effect because
  variable could not be manipulated
• Reasons for why restored children were initially
  taken into care needs to be considered

29
CASE STUDIES OF PRIVATION

• In groups, research ONE of the following case
  studies
• KOLUCHOVA studied identical Czech twin boys
• CURTISS studied Genie USA
• FREUD AND DANN orphans from a Nazi concentration
  camp

30
EVALUATION OF PRIVATION STUDIES

• Most evidence indicates that the effects of
  privation can be reversed
• But this depends on the subsequent care the child
  receives
• So if bad early experiences are followed by good
  ones, e.g. the Czech twins, the outcome may well
  be good
• Genie on the other hand, had bad experiences and
  never recovered

31
RESEARCH METHODS

• Most are case studies, from which it is difficult
  to generalise
• Samples are very small
• The children may have been abnormal from birth
• They are retrospective and rely on peoples
  memory
• The interviewer may interpret the information
  incorrectly
• Now find some advantages p.292

32
TIZARD AND HODGE

• Their research adds detail to these findings
• Whilst children appear to form good relationships
  at home, they had difficulties forming good
  relationships at school, with peers.
• This could be because their internal working
  model is inadequate
• So this supports Bowlbys theory

33
REASONS FOR DEPRIVATION

• Bowlby argued that maternal deprivation was the
  cause of long-term difficulties
• Rutter, on the other hand, suggested that it was
  the factors associated with the deprivation which
  harmed the children, e.g. divorce, alcoholic or
  criminal parent
• This is also the case for hospitalisation
  studies, where hospitalised children are more
  likely to come from poor living conditions

34
ISLE OF WIGHT STUDY

• Rutter studied 2,000 boys aged 9-12
• Families and boys were interviewed
• Rutter looked at association between separation
  and offending (delinquency)
• Physical illness or death of mother was not
  linked to delinquency
• Boys from families with psychiatric illness or
  family discord were 4 times more likely to become
  delinquent

35
SELF ESTEEM

• Cockett and Tripp supported Rutters findings.
  Children who came from homes with conflict
  suffered
• poorer health
• poorer self esteem
• poorer school performance
• compared to children from homes with minimal
  conflict

36
CONCLUSION

• Bowlby did not distinguish between deprivation
  and privation
• Bowlby exaggerated extent of DIRECT effect of
  deprivation
• Some children do recover, but others dont.
• We need to find out what the crucial variables
  which speed recovery are
• However Bowlby alerted the public to the
  vulnerability factor of a deprived infant