INST 5131 Trends and Issues in Instructional Technology

1
INST 5131 Trends and Issues in Instructional
Technology

• Assignment 2
• Learning Foundations
• Laura Urschel

2
Psychological Foundations

• Definition of Learning
• . . . a persisting change in human performance
  or performance potential (Driscoll, 2000, p.
  11).
• Driscoll, M.P. (2000). Psychology of learning
  for instruction (2nd ed). Needham Heights, MA
  Allyn and Bacon.

3
Psychological Foundations

• Theoretical Approaches to Learning
• Behaviorism
• Cognition
• Situated Learning
• Gagnes Theory of Instruction
• Constructivism

4
Behaviorism

• Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human
  learning that only focuses on objectively
  observable behaviors and discounts mental
  activities. Behavior theorists define learning as
  nothing more than the acquisition of new
  behavior.
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.funderstand
  ing.com/behaviorism.cfmFocus

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Founders of Behaviorism

• Behaviorism originated with the work of John B.
  Watson whose work was based on the experiments of
  Ivan Pavlov
• Behaviorism is associated today with the name of
  B.F. Skinner. Skinner's studies led him to
  reject Watson's almost exclusive emphasis on
  reflexes and conditioning.
• Skinner developed the theory of "operant
  conditioning," the idea that we behave the way we
  do because this kind of behavior has had certain
  consequences in the past.
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.forerunner.
  com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_-_Behaviorism.html

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Behaviorism Focuses On

• Acquisition of new behaviors
• Positive and negative reinforcement techniques
  Stimulus/Response
• Rewarding or punishing behaviors
• Discounts cognitive activities
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//chiron.valdosta
  .edu/whuitt/col/behsys/behsys.html

7
Cognition Defined

• "the study of intelligence and intelligent
  systems, with particular reference to intelligent
  behavior as computation" (Simon Kaplan, 1989)
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.bcp.psych.u
  alberta.ca/7emike/Pearl_Street/Dictionary/content
  s/C/cognitive_science.html
• Simon, H. A. C. A. Kaplan, "Foundations of
  cognitive science", in Posner, M.I. (ed.) 1989,
  Foundations of Cognitive Science, MIT Press,
  Cambridge MA.

8
Alternative Definition

• Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study
  of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy,
  psychology, artificial intelligence,
  neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology.
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//plato.stanford.
  edu/entries/cognitive-science/

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Cognition

• Focus on mind and intelligence
• People actively process information
• Human minds work by representation and
  computation
• Discounts emotions, consciousness, physical
  environments, and social dynamic.
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//lucs.fil.lu.se/
  People/David.de.Leon/Papers/Pieces.html

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Founders of Cognitive Science

• Alfred Binet 1857-1911 developed intelligence
  test
• Jerome Bruner 1915 Present believes that
  learning is an active process in which
  individuals construct new ideas based on their
  current knowledge
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.psy.pdx.edu
  /PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/Bruner.htm

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Cognitive Tools

• Advanced Organizers (David Ausubel)
• Cone of Experience (Edgar Dale)
• Information Processing
• Concept Mapping (Joseph Novak)
• Structural Knowledge (David Jonassen)
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//web.csuchico.ed
  u/ah24/ausubel.htm
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.ittheory.co
  m/dale.htm
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//carbon.cudenver
  .edu/mryder/itc data/cogsci.htmlmiller
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//tiger.coe.misso
  uri.edu/t377/IPTheorists.html
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//ericir.syr.edu/
  ithome/digests/mapping.html

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Situated Learning Defined

• Learning that occurs within a contextual
  environment.
• Collaborative social interaction and construction
  of knowledge is critical.
• Learner becomes involved in a Community of
  Practice
• Learning is unintentional
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//tip.psychology.
  org/lave.html
• Greg Kearsley, 2003, paragraphs 1-2,
  http//tip.psychology.org/lave.html

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Founders of Situated Learning

• James Gibson 1904-1979
• Past experience plays an important role in
  perception
• Lev Vygotsky 1896-1934
• Social interaction promotes cognition
• Zone of proximal development attained by engaging
  in social behavior
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//tip.psychology.
  org/gobson.html
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//tip.psychology.
  org/vygotsky.html

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Situated Learning Theory Tools

• Cognitive Apprenticeship
• a method of teaching aimed at teaching the
  processes that experts use to handle complex
  tasks. (Collins, Brown and Newman)
• Collins, A. Brown, J.S. Newman, S.E. (1989).
  Cognitive apprenticeship Teaching the craft of
  reading, writing and mathematics. In L.B. Resnick
  (Ed.) Knowing, learning and instruction Essays
  in honor of Robert Glaser (pp. 453-494).
  Hillsdale, NJ Eribaum.

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Situated Learning Theory Tools

• Cognitive Flexibility Theory
• learning in complex and ill-structured domains
• the ability to spontaneously restructure ones
  knowledge, in many ways, in response to radically
  changing situational demands.
• Kearseley, 2003, paragraph 1, http//tip.psycholog
  y.org/spiro.html
• Spiro, R.J. Jehng, J. (1990). Cognative
  flexibility and hypertext Theory and technology
  for the non-linear and mutidimensional traversal
  of complex subject matter. D. Nix R. Spiro
  (eds..), Cognition, Education, and Multimedia.
  Hillsdale, NJ Eribaum.

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Gagnes Theory of Instruction

• Nine events needed for effective learning
• Gain Attention
• Inform Learner of Objectives
• Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge
• Present Stimulus Material
• Provide Learner Guidance
• Elicit Performance
• Provide Feedback
• Access Performance
• Enhance Retention and Transfer
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//ide.ed.psu.edu/
  idde/9events.htm

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Constructivism Defined

• Individuals and groups interact with each other
  and the environment to develop a representation
  of what they take to be reality.
• Kozloff, M. (2001). Retrieved June 9, 2005 from
  http//homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy3
  38K/Gough/Chapter5/constructivism.html

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Constructivism

• Learning is a search for meaning
• Focus on understanding mental models or schema
  that students use to perceive reality. The goal
  of learning is for a student to construct his or
  her own meaning.
• Goal is to reduce the discrepancy between beliefs
  and information.
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.funderstand
  ing.com/constructivism.cfm

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Psychological Foundations My Beliefs

• I agree with proponents of Situated Learning
  Theory who assert that
• learning occurs within a contextual environment.
• Collaborative social interaction and construction
  of knowledge is critical.
• Past experience plays an important role in
  perception
• Social interaction promotes cognition

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Psychological Foundations My Beliefs Continued

• I also agree with proponents of Constructivism
  who assert that
• Individuals and groups interact with each other
  and the environment to develop a representation
  of what they take to be reality
• Learning is a search for meaning
• The goal of learning is for a student to
  construct his or her own meaning.
• One of the instructors goals should be to reduce
  the discrepancy between a students beliefs and
  the information that is being presented.

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Learning Environments

• Media MOO
• Memolab
• MUD

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Media MOO

• A text-based, networked virtual reality
  environment MUD on the Internet
• Users connect to interact in a virtual
  environment
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.cc.gatech.e
  du/asb/convergence.html

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MEMOLAB

• A learning environment for the acquisition of
  basic skills in experimental psychology.
• Learner active
• Environment rich and complex and structured
• Learner interacts with agents
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//tecfa.unige.ch/
  tecfa/research/memolab/report93-chap1.htmlHDR1.2
  020202022013

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MUD

• Synchronous communication
• Immediate exchange
• Provides access to colleagues all over the world.
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.ibiblio.org
  /cmc/mag/1995/jan/fanderclai.html

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Learner Motivation

• Kellers ARCS
• Self-Regulation
• Self-Actualization

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Kellers ARCS

• Problem-Solving Approach
• Attention
• Relevance
• Confidence
• Satisfaction
• Retrieved June 6, 2005 from http//www.ittheory.co
  m/keller1.htm
• Reiser, R.A. Dempsey, J.V. (2002). Trends and
  Issues in Instructional Design and Technology.
  Columbus, OH Merrill Prentice Hall

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Self-Regulation

• Self-regulated learners
• Are flexible
• Analyze tasks
• Use Motivational strategies
• 3 Components
• Self-observation
• Self-judgment
• Self-reaction
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//education.calum
  et.purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy7/edpsy7
  self.htm

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Self Actualization

• Abraham Maslow
• Self-Actualizers
• Reality centered
• Problem centered
• Enjoy solitude
• Unhostile sense of humor
• Retrieved June 9, 2005 from http//www.ship.edu/c
  gboeree/maslow.html