Measurement and Design in Kinesiology

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Measurement and Design in Kinesiology
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Scientific Method

• The scientific method provides a cogent means of
  obtaining information that can be used as a solid
  foundation for supporting instructional decisions
  (Magill, 1983)

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Bottom-Up Research Induction
Theory
Law
Hypotheses
observations
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Top-down research Deduction
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Scientific Method

• Experimental Approach
• allows one to test a hypothesis in order to make
  causal statement about the relationships between
  variables. This usually involves an experiment
  which includes the manipulation of an independent
  variable and examination of its effect on a
  dependent variable.
• Hypothesis
• a proposal to explain certain facts (Shumway-Cook
  Woolacott, 1995)

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The Experiment

• A hypothesis is a tentative prediction of
  behavior under a set of conditions
• An experiment is an investigation in which a
  researcher manipulates one variable while
  measuring its effect on some other variable.
  Experiments are the most common way to test
  hypotheses.
• The measured variable is called the Dependent
  Variable.
• The manipulated variable is called the
  Independent Variable.

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The Experiment

• Independent Variable
• is the variable manipulated by the researcher
• Dependent Variable
• is the variable that is measured to reflect
  performance or behavior

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Dependent Variables

• Anatomy
• Exercise Physiology
• Health Fitness
• Biomechanics
• Motor Learning and Control
• Motor Development
• Sport Psychology
• Sport Pedagogy

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DV Anatomy

• Electromyography

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Performance Measures Neural Signals

• Positron Emission Tomography (A scanner detects
  radioactive material that was injected or inhaled
  to produce an image of the brain)

chemical uptake in the brain of a monkey to test
the effectiveness of a treatment for Parkinson's
disease
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

• MRI uses the detection of radiofrequency signals
  produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic
  field. Functional MRI (fMRI) is able to
  distinguish those parts of the brain which are
  actively thinking (or moving) from those which
  are not (e.g., finger tapping).

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DV Exercise Physiology

• Heart Rate
• VO2
• Blood Pressure
• Ventilation Rate
• Perceived Exertion

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Biomechanics Kinematics

• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Jerk

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Biomechanics RMSE
-5
5
0
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Biomechanics Kinetics
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DV Sport Psychology
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DV Sport Pedagogy

• Academic Learning Time (ALT-PE)
• of Episodes
• duration of episodes

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The Experimental Plan

• Sampling
• Paradigms
• The Experiment

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Sampling of the Population

• A subject population is comprised of all persons
  (in the world) who meet a certain set of
  conditions.
• A sample is a subset of the entire population.
  The experimenter attempts to use a sample that is
  representative of the entire population since
  normally an entire population can not be tested.
• Randomization is used to increase the probability
  of the sample being truly representative of the
  population.

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Paradigms

• Paradigms are experimental plans or protocols
• Experimental vs. Control Groups
• Pre-Post Test
• Transfer Paradigm
• Longitudinal and cross-sectional

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Wheres the control?
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Pre-post tests
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Transfer Paradigm

• important for assessing relative permanence of
  information or what we might commonly refer to as
  learning
• adequate retention interval
• test on common level of the independent variable

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Transfer Paradigm
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Descriptive Data

• Organizing Data
• Categorizing, ranking, etc
• Central Tendency
• Mean, median, mode
• Variability
• Range, standard deviation, variance

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Normal Distribution
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Normal Distribution
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Normal Distribution Exceptions
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Inferential Statistics

• Correlation
• Quantifying the extent to which two variables are
  inter-related
• Regression
• From the correlation between two variables one
  can derive an equation to describe the
  aforementioned relationship and thus make
  predictions

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Correlations
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Correlations
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Regressions Predicting RT
Y 200 150 (X)
RT (msec)
Bits
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Identifying Differences

• t-test
• is used to determine if two means are different
  from one another
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• is used to determine if more than two means
  differ from each other

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T-test vs. ANOVA
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Validity

• Internal Validity
• External Validity
• Ecological Validity

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Internal Validity

• Refers to the degree to which the manipulation of
  the independent variable in an experiment truly
  accounts for all of the changes observed by the
  experimenter.

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External Validity

• Refers to the extent to which the results of the
  experiment are generalizable. This is important,
  since a goal of research is to be able to make
  statements that extend beyond the specific
  experiment and can be applied to a range of
  situations involving similar variables.

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Ecological Validity

• Refers to the degree to which the conditions of
  the experiment are representative of conditions
  encountered in the real world.

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Reliability

• Refers to the notion that the given the same
  experimental setting and procedures the results
  are repeatable

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Exam 1 Example 1
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Exam 1 Example 1
What is the dependent variable? What is the
independent variable?
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Kinematic Analysis of Movement

• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration