INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS

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INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS

• Emission control technology has achieved dramatic
  reductions in CO, HC and NOx emissions per
  distance travelled.
• Field studies suggest that more than 50 of motor
  vehicle pollution may now come from less than 10
  of vehicles which have poorly maintained or
  malfunctioning emission control devices
• Inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs aimed
  at identifying such gross-emitter vehicles and
  ensuring the repair of their emission control
  systems are becoming more important.

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I/M PROGRAMS

• Objectives
• Identify and repair vehicles with maladjustments
  or control system malfunctions
• Discourage willful tampering with control systems
• Modes
• Periodic checks of all vehicles
• Identification and repair of high emitting
  vehicles,
• Identification and exemption of low emitting
  vehicles,
• clean screening

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I/M PROCEDURES

• Gasoline Vehicles
• Exhaust concentrations measurement CO, HC, NOx
• No load, idle/2500 rpm
• Loaded dynamometer tests
• ASM, Acceleration simulation mode
• (AMS2525, 25 mph, 25 maximum FTP load)
• Mass emission rate measurement (g/mile)
• IM240, first 240 seconds of FTP (Federal Test
  Procedure)
• Visual inspection of control system components
• Pressure/purge tests for evaporative emission
  control systems
• Diesel Vehicles
• Bosch method for smoke pull measured amount of
  exhaust through filter paper, check light
  transmission of filter
• Opacity meter check light attenuation directly
  across exhaust path under snap acceleration
  conditions

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IM240 Test Equipment
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Purge Test
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Pressure Test
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I/M PROGRAMS

• Institutional setting
• Centralized, special stations for inspection
  only. Failing vehicles get repairs elsewhere
  and come back for re-testing
• Decentralized - existing repair shops are
  licensed to inspect, and carry out necessary
  repairs
• Frequency
• Vehicle age at first test, 1-4 years
• Subsequent tests every 1-2 years
• Costs
• Program operating costs, Repair costs
• Cost/benefit ratio
• Improvement in ambient air quality vs I/M costs

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I/M PROGRAMS - COMPLEMENTS

• Remote sensing
• Large numbers of vehicles can be tested while in
  traffic or in special test lanes for exhaust CO,
  HC, NOx concentrations
• - Clean screening identify vehicles that can
  be exempted from regular testing
• - High emitter profiling identify vehicles (or
  vehicle types) that need to be examined by more
  detailed procedures
• On-board diagnostics (OBD)
• Sensing and monitoring devices are built into
  the vehicle at the manufacturing stage to detect
  malfunctions. These can then
• Indicate the malfunction, by a light etc.
• Store computer codes for malfunctioning
  components so that the problem can be identified
  and fixed during regular checks.

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I/M PROGRAMS IN CANADA

• B.C. AirCare I (1992 - 2000)
• Decentralized
• ASM 2525
• First test 3 years, every 2 years after that
• See
• Ontario Drive Clean (since 1999)
• Decentralized
• ASM 2525
• First test 3 years, every 2 years after that

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AirCare program changes effective September 1,
2000 (Air Care II)

• Enhanced Test for All-Wheel Drive and Traction
  Control Vehicles
• Pressurized Gas Cap Test
• Enhanced Test for Diesel-Powered Vehicles
• AirCare Standards (Maximum Allowable) Adjustment

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AirCare program changes effective January 1, 2001

• I/M 240 Test Procedure
• Most 1992 and newer vehicles now receive a more
  comprehensive emissions test. These vehicles will
  be driven on a drive trace which simulates
  real-world driving conditions (accelerations,
  decelerations, cruise and idle) at speeds of up
  to 90 km/hr
• AirCare II Test Fee Structure
• 1991 and older vehicles continue to receive an
  annual ASM test for 24. 1992 and newer vehicles
  now receive a more comprehensive transient
  emissions inspection for 48. 1992 and newer
  vehicles which can not be tested on a
  dynamometer, receive an idle-only test for 24 on
  an annual basis. All vehicles are charged 24 for
  re-inspections.

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AirCare program changes effective January 1, 2001

• OBD II Scanning
• 1998 and newer vehicles will have their on-board
  fault detection system scanned to ensure
  compliance with evaporative emission
  requirements.Repair Cost Limits
• Repair cost limits have been increased and will
  result in more excessive emitting vehicles being
  properly repaired before being re-licensed.
  Repair cost limits are designed to ensure that
  motor vehicle emissions are lowered while
  limiting financial burden upon vehicle owners

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AirCare program changes effective January 1, 2001

• Biennial Inspections
• 1992 and newer vehicles only require a biennial
  (every two years) AirCare inspection, as long as
  they pass. In 2001, only 1993, 1995, 1997 and
  1999 model year vehicles will require an AirCare
  inspection. 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998 model year
  vehicles do NOT require an AirCare inspection
  until 2002. (1991 and older vehicles will
  continue to receive an annual AirCare
  inspection.) 1992 and newer vehicles which can
  not be tested on a dynamometer, receive an
  idle-only test on an annual basis

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Summary of recommendations from NRC Review on
I/M Programs

• Prospective Estimates of Emissions Reductions
• EPA and states should expect lower
  emissions-reduction benefits from I/M programs as
  currently configured
• High-Emitting Vehicles
• I/M programs should focus primarily on
  identification, diagnosis, and repair of the
  highest-emitting vehicles along with verification
  of those repaired
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• Evaluating I/M Emissions Reductions
• EPA should provide additional guidance for
  carrying out I/M evaluations, including
• Comprehensive, long-term evaluations using
  multiple data sources and analytic techniques for
  a select number of programs
• All programs collecting a consistent set of
  indicators to help track performance
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Summary recommendations (continued)

• Research Issues in I/M Evaluation
• Comprehensive evaluations of I/M programs should
  be used to address major uncertainties in the
  emissions-reduction benefits from I/M programs,
  including
• The distribution of the duration of repairs for
  vehicles that fail an initial I/M test
• The extent of pre-inspection repairs
• The extent to which temporary repairs and test
  fraud result in vehicles registering low
  emissions only for the purpose of passing an I/M
  test (the "clean for a day" phenomena)
• The fate of vehicles that fail their initial I/M
  test and never pass (unresolved failures)
• Consequences of I/M programs for nontailpipe HC
  reductions
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Summary recommendations (continued)

• NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions
• Because heavy-duty diesel vehicles are a
  significant source of NOx and PM emissions, I/M
  programs that target these pollutants might have
  to incorporate heavy-duty diesel vehicles to a
  greater extent
• Remote Sensing
• Remote sensing should have an increased role in
  assessing motor vehicle emissions and I/M program
  effectiveness, determining the extent of
  pre-inspection repairs, and estimating the extent
  of certain types of noncompliance
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• Onboard Diagnostics
• An independent evaluation should be established
  to review the effectiveness and
  cost-effectiveness of OBDII testing programs
  before moving forward with full implementation of
  OBDII rule requirements
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Summary recommendations (continued)

• Use of the MOBILE Model
• The methodology used in MOBILE for estimating I/M
  benefits should be reevaluated and more
  pessimistic defaults used in the model to
  encourage users to readily incorporate data from
  current I/M program evaluations into assessments
  for future years
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• Importance of Cost-Effectiveness and Public
  Response to I/M
• I/M programs should be improved by identifying
  ways to make them more cost-effective and more
  readily understood, and by easing the testing
  burden for vehicle owners