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Concepts Of Programming Languages
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Programming Languages

• Programming Languages is a course that introduces
  students to some fundamental concepts in
  programming language design and implementation
• Programming language are the medium of expression
  in the art of computer programming language. An
  ideal programming language will make it easy for
  programmers to write program succinctly and
  clearly.

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Why Study Programming Languages?

• Programming languages are important for
  students in all disciplines of computer
  science because they are the primary tools
  of the central activity of computer
  science.
• There is an idea the structure of language
  defines the boundaries of thought.
• To allow a better choice of programming
  languages.
• To improve your ability to develop effective
  algorithms.

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History Of Programming Languages
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History Of Programming Languages

• 1950 LISP, FORTRAN
• 1970 Ada, C, Pascal, Prolog, Smalltalk
• 1980 C, ML
• 1990 Delphi, Perl, Java
• During 1970 a lot of PLs were designed.
• Early languages
• Numerically based languages (FORTRAN55, ALGOL58
  )
• Business languages (COBOL60)
• Artificial intelligence languages ( LISP, Prolog
  )
• Systems languages ( C70 )

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The Evolution Of Programming Languages

• A programming language is a notation for writing
  programs, which are specifications of a
  computation or algorithm.
• Computer can understand only machine level
  language so it is categorize into three
  categories
• Machine languages
• Assembly languages
• Higher-level languages

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Programming Language Standard

• Procedural Languages are procedures, sequential
  execution of code are basic building blocks of
  program .
• FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, C, ALGOL, COBOL,
• Object-Oriented Program is designed around the
  objects required to solve the problem.
• Smalltalk, Ada, C, Java, C.
• Functional Languages is designed around the
  evaluation of functions, rather than modifying
  state.
• LISP, Common Lisp, Dylan, Logo, Scheme, ML
  , Haskell.

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Scripting languages (used for text processing,
shells, HTML, CGI) Perl, Python , PHP , Ruby
. Logic Program is declarative, based on
mathematical logic Prolog
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