5 Kinds of PCB Fabricataion! (1)

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5 Types Of PCB Fabrication

• The smaller printed circuit board is often
  required in model making. Examples include eye
  switches for level crossings, power sources for
  car lights and others. The experienced model
  trainer may also want to tackle larger
  projects, such as his own booster with the
  desired performance. About PCB fabrication, it
  can be divided in different ways.

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Perforated plates and experimental plates
The easiest way of PCB fabrication is with
so-called experimental plates. These are PCBs
made of hard paper or epoxy resin (GRP), which
are drilled with a pitch of 2.54mm ( one-tenth
of an inch). The copper layer is either just
around these holes as pads or as strips. This
means that smaller circuits can be set up
quickly. The components are inserted on the side
without copper and soldered on the other side.
Connections can be made with thin wires and
strands. However, this type of printed circuit
board does not satisfy in the long run. It just
looks too much like handicrafts.
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Milling circuit boards
Such a CNC router can possibly be made from a 3D
printer yourself. The print head (the hot end) is
replaced with a small milling machine.There are
plenty of examples of how this works on the
Internet. Most common 3D printers can be
converted to CNC milling machines, such as
RepRap, K8200, etc.
Another option for PCB Fabrication Service is to
take a copper-clad board and mill conductor
tracks on it. A drill stand and a small,
fast-running drill are sufficient. Corresponding
conductor tracks can be milled freehand or with a
stop using a small, pointed cutter. The holes for
the components are then drilled. While this
option is available for long, straight conductor
tracks such as passenger car lighting the
limit of what is possible is quickly reached with
more complex PCB boards. In addition, it takes a
lot of flair to mill paths freehand. This method
can therefore only be used to a very limited
extent unless you have a milling cutter with a
motorized XY table.
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Etched
circuit boards a The etched circuit boards are
the simplest types of PCB fabrication. Material
requirement Bullet Copper-clad hard paper or
GRP board (PCB raw material) Bullet Waterproof
felt tip pen Bullet graph paper Bullet
etchants (iron-3-chloride, etch sulfate, aminium
persulphate) Bullet Lacquer Bullet grains
Bullet Flat plastic tubBullet drill with small
drills (0.8 / 1.0 / 1.2mm)
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Detailed PCB
fabrication Process a
First, you should draw a template. These are laid
out on paper (preferably graph paper or tenths of
an inch paper) and the connections marked, which
later give the eyes. It can already be ensured
that there will be no crossings of the conductor
tracks if possible. Now it is time to connect the
marked component connections. Inevitable
crossings will later be made with wires on the
component side, soldering eyes must also be
provided for this. Now the etched circuit board
is attached to the back of the template with
tape, with the copper side to the paper. The
markings on the connections are transferred onto
the circuit board by hand using a punch with
light pressure.
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Detailed PCB
fabrication Process a
Then, the conductor tracks can be drawn on the
copper surface with the waterproof felt tip pen.
Large copper surfaces should also be painted over
if possible, this will make the etching process
easier. After drying (at least 1 hour), the plate
is placed in the approx. 1 cm high plastic tank
filled with caustic. The etchant should have a
temperature of approx. 35 50 C. Slightly
swiveling supports the etching process. Remove
the plate from the liquid and wash off with cold
water. If you hold the circuit board in the
light, any errors are immediately visible.
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Detailed PCB
fabrication Process a
Now the felt-tip pen color can be wiped off with
household paper soaked in acetone or gasoline. To
protect the copper and to facilitate soldering,
the plate is sprayed with a thin layer of solder
lacquer. After drying, the plate can be drilled
done! With a little practice, this circuit can be
used to produce worth seeing circuits. But this
technique is also subject to very narrow limits,
especially due to the felt pen used (width of the
line). In addition, this technique is hardly
suitable for the series, since each plate has to
be drawn individually by hand.
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Toner
Transfer method a
A better result than drawing on the copper
surface with a felt pen is obtained with the
toner transfer method. The template is printed in
a mirror image on a carrier material with the
laser printer and the toner is then transferred
to the circuit board. The laser printer should
produce a rich print image. Old, almost used
toner cartridges should be replaced
beforehand. Various coated papers (glossy
surface) are suitable as the backing material,
such as the backing paper for labels. Even better
results can be achieved with a special toner
transfer paper.
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Toner
Transfer method a
The actual transfer of the toner from the carrier
to the copper layer takes place with heat. To do
this, the paper is placed on the circuit board
with the toner side and fixed with heat-resistant
adhesive tape. Then press the iron on the paper
at maximum speed for a few minutes. After
cooling, the paper can be carefully peeled off,
the toner now adheres to the copper. For optimal
adhesion, it is necessary that the copper surface
is cleaned well beforehand. Household sponges
(such as Scotch Brite) with a rough surface and
normal powder cleaner (e.g. Vim cleaning powder)
and lukewarm water are suitable. With this
method, quite precise circuit boards with thin
tracks can be created.
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Toner
Transfer method a
As an alternative to transferring the toner with
heat, the chemical transfer must also be
mentioned here. To do this, the template is
printed out in a mirror image on a sheet of a
magazine (simply tear out one page and print the
template over the text or images). Place this
paper with the toner side on the circuit board
and fix it with adhesive tape. Then coat the
paper well with nail polish remover, rub it in
again and again with your finger. The paper must
be completely wetted. After the nail polish
remover has dried, peel off the paper. Wash the
circuit board with lukewarm water to remove any
color residue from the magazines. With both
methods, the circuit board can then be etched
directly in the etchant as described above.
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Professional PCB
Fabrication Service a
All of these limitations lead us to the
professional way of PCB fabrication, even if as a
hobby electronics technician we use simpler means
and tools. This method includes the following
steps Create Template Photographically transfer
the template onto the circuit board Etch circuit
board Drill Equip and solder
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Material requirement In addition to the previous
version, the transfer of the template to the PCB
fabrication is done photographically. The
following material is required for production in
this way bullet PC and printer bullet
graphic software, such as Corel Draw, AutoSketch
or a special print layout software bullet
exposure lamp and glass pane or exposure case
bullet Flat plastic tubs (at least 2) bullet
drill with small drills (0.8 / 1.0 / 1.2mm)
bullet tracing paper or (special) carrier foils
for print production bullet Photo-coated PCB
material (positive)bullet Suitable developer
liquid bullet etchants (ferric chloride, etch
sulfate, aminium persulfate) bullet Lacquer
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