Recycling Technologies For Li-ion Batteries

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THE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY FOR SPENT LITHIUM-ION
BATTERIES
Presentation on
Presented by
Mr. Bhushan
Meshram Mr.Yashodeep
Salunkhe
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of
Engineering and Technology, Akola Session 2019-20
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CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Background Of Project
• Aim Objectives
• Literature Survey
• Experimental Work
• Result
• Analysis
• Conclusion
• References

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INTRODUCTION

• Rechargeable batteries have an essential role in
  our lives and are related to many daily
  activities that would be impossible without the
  ability to recharge.
• Lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride
  and lead acid batteries.
• In this study, we first introduce the working
  principle of lithium ion batteries and their
  components, then conduct a literature review of
  recycling process.
• On metals Co, Mn, Li and Ni with the aim of
  finding the best conditions for a leaching.

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BACKGROUND

• The Current population of India is 136.6 crore as
  the searching survey of Oct-7,19.
• In that About 800 Million peoples are using
  mobile in that users 500 million are using
  smart-phones.
• E-waste generated in India Overall Is about 2
  million tonnes/year and up to 4.38 lacks tonnes
  recycled
• In Among Status Maharashtra generates the most
  e-waste (19) 3.96 lacks tonnes but recycle
  up to 47,810 tonnes.

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AIM OBJECTIVES

• Aims to reduce the number of batteries being
  disposed as municipal solid waste.
• Reduction in waste sent to landfills.
• Conservation of natural resources, such as metals
  and minerals.
• Helps prevent pollution by reducing the need to
  collect new, raw materials.
• Helps create new, well-paying jobs in the
  recycling and manufacturing industries in the
  India.
• Once the materials are recycled they can be
  reused in making new products.

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The Recupyl process
LITERATURE SURVEY

• The Akkuser process

Akkuser recycles the batteries by its own
Dry-Technology method,which is mechanical process
based on magnetic and mechanical separation unit.

• The Umicore process

Umicore Processes by the pyrometallurgical steps
deploys Umicores unique UTH technology.

• The Accurec process

High energy density, reactive alkaline metals and
highly flammable electrolutes makes lithium
batteries.
Recuplys recycling process typical separate to
the components of e-waste followed by targeted
hydrochemistry to extract valuable metals.
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Li-ion batteries recycling market by region, 2019
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E-Waste Generation India Sate Wise,2019
19.8
19
10.1
9.8
9.5
8.9
8.7
7.6
Madhya Pradesh
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Principle of lithium-ion batteries

• A rechargeable lithium-ion battery is formed from
  several cells, each made up by four individuals
  but connected components (cathode, anode,
  electrolyte and separator).
• Cathodes and anodes are electrodes, which store
  electrical energy as chemical energy.
• The electrolyte constitutes as a conductive
  medium to assure mobility of the ionic components
  between the anode and the cathode during the
  redox reaction process.
• The may be a thin micro-porous polymer membrane
  which is placed between the anode and cathode to
  prevent direct contact.

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• The working principle (figure shows) of a
  lithium-ion rechargeable battery cell is dealing
  with multiple charging and discharging processes.
  

e-
e-
e-
e-
MO Li x e- LiMO
LiMO MO Li x e-
Figure shows Schematic of the charge- discharge
process in a lithium-ion battery
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Lithium-ion battery components The Cathode

• The cathode is made of a mixture of the active
  material and pasted onto both sides of aluminium
  foil. Typically active materials containing
  80-85 metal oxide powder, 10 polyvinylidene
  fluoride (PVDF) binder, and 5 acetylene black.

Spinel structure LiMn2O4(3D)
Layered LiMnO2(2D)
Olivine structure LiFePO4 (1D)
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The anode

• The anode consists of a copper foil coated with a
  paste made of active materials, mainly containing
  90graphite, 4-5 acetylene black and ,More than
  98 of commercial negative electrode materials
  used in Lithium-ion battery system are
  carbonaceous materials.

The electrolyte

• The selection of electrolyte materials is
  important for the performance of lithium-ion
  batteries, and must be chosen with care to the
  redox environment at both positive and negative
  electrodes. It must also perform stably in a wide
  voltage range (up to 4.5 V for LIB).

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EXPRIMENTAL WORK

• Methodology -

1. Collection

The first step of this research was to collect
mobile phone batteries from mobile phone repair
shops ,Collecting about 20 Li-ion batteries of
different brands.

1. Dismantling and crushing

Each battery was cut into three or four parts
with the help of metal cutting scissors, which
were then crushed with a 500-W blender.

1. Sieving and classification

After crushing, a sieve was applied for 2 min,
which consisted of four meshes.
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Corresponding to mesh 18, 35, 60, and 140 with
openings of 1 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.105 mm,
respectively.

1. Leaching

Black mass samples were added to the leaching
agent in a plastic beaker.

1. 4LiCoO2(s)6H2SO4(aq)
   4CoSO4(aq)2Li2SO4(aq)
   6H2O(g)O2(g)

• 4LiMnO2(s) 6H2SO4(aq)
  4MnSO4(aq)2Li2SO4(aq)
• 6H2O(g)O2(g)

1. Filtration

The leach solution and insoluble residues were
immediately separated by some filtration
methodes.
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Dismantling
Interior Part
Components
Blender 500W
Sieving
Powder
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Leaching
Liquid Mixer-separatoration
( Li2SO4(aq) , MnSO4(aq) )
Lithium(Li)
Evaporation
Cobalt (Co)
Manganese(Mn)
Electrodeposition
(CoSO4(aq) )
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The solid residues from filtration were left to
dry and then they were weighed. The leaching
recovery rate was calculated.
Liquidliquid extraction
In order to separate the liquid mixtures , batch
experimentation was performed in a 500mL beaker
using an aqueous-to-organic-phase.
Electro-deposition
The stripping solution of cobalt was treated in a
system with a lead anode and stainless-steel
cathode, both with an area of 0.00499 m2. The
electrodes were cleaned and polished and the
temperature was controlled.
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Result

• The examined temperatures of 28C, 40C, 50C and
  60C, leaching at 60C seen to be an optimal
  temperature the leaching efficiencies not being
  much different from the one at 60C.
• It was observed that at a leaching time of 30min
  that almost all the metals reached their maximum
  efficiency .
• The optimal solid-liquid ratio for leaching was
  indicated to be 1/20 g/ml.
• The effect of concentrations was studied by using
  0.5M, 1M, 2M and 3M of H2SO4 show that the
  optimal concentration for leaching was 2M H2SO4
  in this study.

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• Effect Of H2O Concentration On Leaching Process

Leaching Efficiency()
Concentration Of H2SO4
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• Effect of temperature on the leaching

Temperature C
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CONCLUSION

• The aim of this study was to investigate the
  optimal leaching conditions for recovery of Co,
  Mn, Li and Ni from spent lithium-ion batteries by
  using a hydrometallurgical treatment.
• Parameters such as temperature, concentration of
  H2SO4, leaching time and solid-liquid ratio.
• By analyzing leaching efficiencies could be
  calculated and the optimal leaching conditions
  could be indicated.
• From this study, it was indicated that the
  temperature effect on the leaching process at
  50C, with no noticeable effect when using 3M
  H2SO4 compared to 2M.

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REFERENCES

• X. Zheng et al., A Mini-Review on Metal
  Recycling from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries,
  Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 361370, 2018.
• W. Gao et al., Comprehensive evaluation on
  effective leaching of critical metals from spent
  lithium-ion batteries, Waste Manag., vol. 75,
  pp. 477485, 2018.
• P. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, and T. R. Mankhand,
  Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary
  sources by pre-treatment, leaching and
  separation A comprehensive review,
  Hydrometallurgy, vol. 150, pp. 192208, 2014.

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Thank You For Your Attention !