ANTIDOTES

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY- I

• ANTIDOTES

Faculty Member . Mr. Maroti M. Jeurkar Lecturer,
YBCP, chandrapur
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• ANTIDOTES
• Antidotes are the agents which stop, counteract
  or reverse the action of the poison.
• CLASSIFICATION
• Physiological antidote They act by producing
  opposite effect of poison. They produce opposite
  physiological effect. E.. Sodium nitrite
• Chemical antidotes - They act by changing the
  chemical nature of poison. They act by converting
  poison to less toxic compounds. g. Sodium
  thiosulphate
• Mechanical antidotes- They act by preventing the
  absorption of poison or expelling it outside via
  urine or by vomiting. They adsorb the poison and
  reduce their concentration in body. E.g.
  Activated charcoal

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ACTIVATED CHARCOAL Preparation - It is
commercially obtained as a residue during
destructive distillation of various organic
matters or from burning materials in a special
manner. The coarse material is powdered. Propertie
s i. It occurs as a fine black, odorless,
tasteless powder ii. It having smooth touch and
free from gritty particles. iii. It is almost
insoluble in usual solvents Uses-i) it is
general type of adsorbent used in poisoning ii)
It is normally used in the ratio of 51 or
101(charcoal to poison) iii)It is administered
in the form of tablets iv)It is also used in
diarrhea to adsorb toxins.
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• CYANIDE POISONING
• Cyanide poisoning normally occurs accidently or
  when cyanide poison is taken intentionally for
  suicidal purpose.
• In cyanide poisoning cynide ions combines with
  ferric ion of cytochrome oxidase an enzyme
  responsible for electron transfer reaction.
• This leads to stoppage of cellular res ition and
  metabolic reaction Cyanide poisoning is fatal, i
  is not treated immediately.
• In cyanide poisoning Sadium nitrite and sodium
  thiosulphate injections are given to counteract
  the effects of poison
• Sodium thiosulphate reacts with cyanide ions and
  convert into sodium thiocyanate which is less
  toxic than cyanide While Sodium nitrite reacts
  with ferrous iron of haemoglobin and converts
  into ferric ion of methanoglobin and thus reduces
  the concentration of cyanide ions.

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SODIUM NITRITE Formula -NaNO2 Properties- 1)
It occurs as white to slightly yellow granular
powder 2) It is opaque in nature, 3) It is
hygroscopic 4) It is soluble in water slightly
soluble in alcohol Storage It should be stored
in air tight container protectedfrom
moisture Incompatibilities-It is incompati with
oxidizing agent caffeine citrate Uses-i) It is
used as antidote in yanide poisoning ii) It is
also used as a food preservatives iii) It
prevents rusting of surgical instruments iv)it
is also used as a smooth muscle relaxant.
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